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Application of nanoLC–MS/MS to the shotgun proteomic analysis of the nematocyst proteins from jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris
19 May 2012,
15:20:35
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Chromatography B
Rongfeng Li, Huahua Yu, Ronge Xing, Song Liu, Yukun Qing, Kecheng Li, Bing Li, Xiangtao Meng, Jinhui Cui, Pengcheng Li
The nematocyst proteins of jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris, a complicated mixture, contain many important bioactive molecules. In present study, to gain comprehensive insight into the protein component and search some novel bioactive molecules in the nematocyst proteins, shotgun proteomic analysis of the nematocyst proteins was carried out by nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC–MS/MS) for the first time. Digested peptides of the nematocyst proteins were analyzed by nanoLC–MS/MS and all MS/MS spectrums were then automatically searched by the SEQUEST program. A total of 181 proteins had been identified, with the molecular weight ranging from 5268.06 to 843487.57 and the pI from 4.49 to 11.39. Bioinformatic analysis was also applied to better understand the identified proteins. In the Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, all the identified proteins were classified into 13, 9 and 7 groups according to biological process, cellular component and molecular function, respectively. Pathways analysis of the identified proteins was conducted with 33 corresponding pathways found. On the basis of pathways analysis, we also constructed the gene network to analyze the relationship of those genes each other, which contained enzyme-enzyme relation, protein-protein interaction and gene expression interaction.
Source:Journal of Chromatography B
Rongfeng Li, Huahua Yu, Ronge Xing, Song Liu, Yukun Qing, Kecheng Li, Bing Li, Xiangtao Meng, Jinhui Cui, Pengcheng Li
The nematocyst proteins of jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris, a complicated mixture, contain many important bioactive molecules. In present study, to gain comprehensive insight into the protein component and search some novel bioactive molecules in the nematocyst proteins, shotgun proteomic analysis of the nematocyst proteins was carried out by nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC–MS/MS) for the first time. Digested peptides of the nematocyst proteins were analyzed by nanoLC–MS/MS and all MS/MS spectrums were then automatically searched by the SEQUEST program. A total of 181 proteins had been identified, with the molecular weight ranging from 5268.06 to 843487.57 and the pI from 4.49 to 11.39. Bioinformatic analysis was also applied to better understand the identified proteins. In the Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, all the identified proteins were classified into 13, 9 and 7 groups according to biological process, cellular component and molecular function, respectively. Pathways analysis of the identified proteins was conducted with 33 corresponding pathways found. On the basis of pathways analysis, we also constructed the gene network to analyze the relationship of those genes each other, which contained enzyme-enzyme relation, protein-protein interaction and gene expression interaction.
Highlights
► We analyzed the nematocyst proteins of jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris by using the nanoLC–MS/MS with the shotgun proteomic method. ► A total of 181 proteins had been identified with the molecular weight ranging from 5268.06 to 843487.57 and the pI from 4.49 to 11.39. ► The identified nematocyst proteins were analyzed by bioinformatic method including gene ontology (GO) annotation, pathways and gene network analysis.Simultaneous quantification of metronidazole, tinidazole, ornidazole and morinidazole in human saliva
19 May 2012,
15:20:35
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Chromatography B
Yongqing Wang, Peipei Zhang, Ningling Jiang, Xiaojian Gong, Ling Meng, Dewang Wang, Ning Ou, Haibo Zhang
The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous quantification of metronidazole (MEZ), tinidazole (TNZ), ornidazole (ONZ) and morinidazole (MNZ) in human saliva. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 318nm was carried out on a C18 column, using a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, acetonitrile, and methanol (55:15:30, v/v/v) as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The saliva samples (100μl) were firstly deproteinized by precipitation with methanol (400μl), after which they were centrifuged and the supernatants were directly injected into the HPLC system. This method produced linear responses in the concentration ranges of 25.2–5040.0, 23.9–4790.0, 25.4–5080.0, 25.0–5000.0ng/ml with detection limits of 6.0, 17.6, 10.0 and 11.3ng/ml for MEZ, TNZ, ONZ and MNZ (S/N =3), respectively. The methods were validated in terms of intra- and inter-batch precision (within 7.3% and 9.1%, respectively), accuracy, linearity, recovery and stability. The study proved that HPLC is both sensitive and selective for the simultaneous quantification of MEZ, TNZ, ONZ and MNZ in human saliva using a single mobile phase.
Source:Journal of Chromatography B
Yongqing Wang, Peipei Zhang, Ningling Jiang, Xiaojian Gong, Ling Meng, Dewang Wang, Ning Ou, Haibo Zhang
The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous quantification of metronidazole (MEZ), tinidazole (TNZ), ornidazole (ONZ) and morinidazole (MNZ) in human saliva. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 318nm was carried out on a C18 column, using a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, acetonitrile, and methanol (55:15:30, v/v/v) as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The saliva samples (100μl) were firstly deproteinized by precipitation with methanol (400μl), after which they were centrifuged and the supernatants were directly injected into the HPLC system. This method produced linear responses in the concentration ranges of 25.2–5040.0, 23.9–4790.0, 25.4–5080.0, 25.0–5000.0ng/ml with detection limits of 6.0, 17.6, 10.0 and 11.3ng/ml for MEZ, TNZ, ONZ and MNZ (S/N =3), respectively. The methods were validated in terms of intra- and inter-batch precision (within 7.3% and 9.1%, respectively), accuracy, linearity, recovery and stability. The study proved that HPLC is both sensitive and selective for the simultaneous quantification of MEZ, TNZ, ONZ and MNZ in human saliva using a single mobile phase.
Highlights
► Simultaneous quantification of metronidazole, tinidazole, ornidazole and morinidazole. ► Ornidazole and Morinidazole (500mg) reach more than 4100ng/ml after i.v. infusion. ► The method is simple, sensitive and specific, with a short analysis time (6min). ► It was used to find out who had taken other 5-nitroimidazole derivatives before trial.Development and validation of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of lipid-related extracellular metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
19 May 2012,
15:20:35
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Tao Sun, Stephanie J. Wetzel, Mitchell E. Johnson, Beth A. Surlow, Jana Patton-Vogt
A highly sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns), glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho), glycerol 3-phosphate (GroP), inositol, and choline in the extracellular medium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The media samples were pretreated with a single two-phase liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Xbridge HILIC (150mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column under isocratic conditions using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/water, 70:30 (v/v) with 10mM ammonium acetate (pH adjusted to 4.5) at a flow-rate of 0.5mL/min. Using a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer, samples were detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The calibration curves were linear (r 2 ≥0.995) over the range of 0.5–150nM, with the lower limit of quantitation validated at 0.5nM for all analytes. The intra- and inter-day precision (calculated by coefficient of variation, CV%) ranged from 1.24 to 5.88% and 2.46 to 9.77%, respectively, and intra- and inter-day accuracy (calculated by relative error, RE%) was between −8.42 to 8.22% and −9.35 to 6.62%, respectively, at all quality control levels. The extracellular metabolites were stable throughout various storage stability studies. The fully validated method was successfully applied to determine the extracellular levels of phospholipid-related metabolites in S. cerevisiae.
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Tao Sun, Stephanie J. Wetzel, Mitchell E. Johnson, Beth A. Surlow, Jana Patton-Vogt
A highly sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns), glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho), glycerol 3-phosphate (GroP), inositol, and choline in the extracellular medium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The media samples were pretreated with a single two-phase liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Xbridge HILIC (150mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column under isocratic conditions using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/water, 70:30 (v/v) with 10mM ammonium acetate (pH adjusted to 4.5) at a flow-rate of 0.5mL/min. Using a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer, samples were detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The calibration curves were linear (r 2 ≥0.995) over the range of 0.5–150nM, with the lower limit of quantitation validated at 0.5nM for all analytes. The intra- and inter-day precision (calculated by coefficient of variation, CV%) ranged from 1.24 to 5.88% and 2.46 to 9.77%, respectively, and intra- and inter-day accuracy (calculated by relative error, RE%) was between −8.42 to 8.22% and −9.35 to 6.62%, respectively, at all quality control levels. The extracellular metabolites were stable throughout various storage stability studies. The fully validated method was successfully applied to determine the extracellular levels of phospholipid-related metabolites in S. cerevisiae.
Highlights
► A new analytical method to determine extracellular levels of lipid-related metabolites. ► Five metabolites are separated in 20min with lower limit of quantification at 0.5nM. ► The developed method is successfully applied to monitor the extracellular levels of metabolites in S. cerevisiae.Validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of Sotrastaurin and its metabolite N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin in human blood
19 May 2012,
15:20:35
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Annamaria Jakab, Serge Winter, Bertrand Guy, Marc Raccuglia, Frank Picard, John M. Kovarik, Jayraj Chudasama, Swati Guttikar, Puran Singhal, Olivier Kretz
A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method was validated for the quantification of Sotrastaurin (AEB071) and N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin in human blood. The validation of the analytical procedure was performed according to the latest Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Guidance for Industry, Bioanalytical Method Validation”. Chromatographic separation was performed using an RP C18 (50mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column at 40±3.0°C with a mobile phase consisted of 2mM ammonium acetate in water (pH 4.5):methanol:acetonitrile (25:15:60, v/v) of a flow rate of 1mL/min followed by quantification with tandem mass spectrometer, operated in electrospray ionization (ESI) positive ion mode and applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The validated method described in this paper presents high absolute recovery, with a sensitivity of 3.00ng/mL as lower limit of quantitation using a sample volume of 300μL, low inter-run bias and variability (for Sotrastaurin, −4.4 to 0.4% and 1.8 to 2.5% and for N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin, ranged from 1.6 to 2.3% and 2.7 to 3.9%, respectively) with a short runtime of 3.5min. The method was validated using K3EDTA as specific anticoagulant and cross-validated using Li-Heparin and Na-Heparin. The method was specific for Sotrastaurin and N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin within the given criteria of acceptance (apparent peak area for Sotrastaurin and N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin in zero samples ≤20% of mean peak area at LLOQ) in human blood. The method was fully validated for the quantitative determination of Sotrastaurin and its metabolite N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin in human blood between the range of 3.00ng/mL and 1200ng/mL.
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Annamaria Jakab, Serge Winter, Bertrand Guy, Marc Raccuglia, Frank Picard, John M. Kovarik, Jayraj Chudasama, Swati Guttikar, Puran Singhal, Olivier Kretz
A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method was validated for the quantification of Sotrastaurin (AEB071) and N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin in human blood. The validation of the analytical procedure was performed according to the latest Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Guidance for Industry, Bioanalytical Method Validation”. Chromatographic separation was performed using an RP C18 (50mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column at 40±3.0°C with a mobile phase consisted of 2mM ammonium acetate in water (pH 4.5):methanol:acetonitrile (25:15:60, v/v) of a flow rate of 1mL/min followed by quantification with tandem mass spectrometer, operated in electrospray ionization (ESI) positive ion mode and applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The validated method described in this paper presents high absolute recovery, with a sensitivity of 3.00ng/mL as lower limit of quantitation using a sample volume of 300μL, low inter-run bias and variability (for Sotrastaurin, −4.4 to 0.4% and 1.8 to 2.5% and for N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin, ranged from 1.6 to 2.3% and 2.7 to 3.9%, respectively) with a short runtime of 3.5min. The method was validated using K3EDTA as specific anticoagulant and cross-validated using Li-Heparin and Na-Heparin. The method was specific for Sotrastaurin and N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin within the given criteria of acceptance (apparent peak area for Sotrastaurin and N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin in zero samples ≤20% of mean peak area at LLOQ) in human blood. The method was fully validated for the quantitative determination of Sotrastaurin and its metabolite N-desmethyl-sotrastaurin in human blood between the range of 3.00ng/mL and 1200ng/mL.
Highlights
► Sotrastaurin, an investigational drug for organ transplantation, autoimmune disorders. ► A method to estimate the drug and its active metabolite in human blood is developed. ► This original method employs LC–MS/MS and was validated. ► The limit of quantification was between 3ng/mL and 1200ng/mL. ► The acceptance criteria (FDA) for method validation were met.LC–ESI–MS method for the monitoring of Abl 1 tyrosine kinase
19 May 2012,
15:20:35
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Hui Chen, Erwin Adams, Ann Van Schepdael
A liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometric (LC–ESI–MS) method was developed and validated to study Abl 1 tyrosine kinase. An online desalting system was adopted, and a transformation of the ratio of product to substrate instead of a deuterated internal standard was introduced to calculate the concentration of product. In this study, the substrate used was Abltide (KKGEAIYAAPFA-NH2). The detection was performed by selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode via positive ESI interface. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using an isocratic mobile phase system. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 10nM for the product and 25nM for the substrate. The simple ratios of product to substrate maintained a linear relationship (R 2 =0.9997) over the ratio of 0–50% product. Intra- and inter-day precision was less than 10% and accuracy was from −1.6 to +5.3%. The validated method was applied to the Abl 1 kinase kinetic study and the K m and V max constants obtained for Abltide were 34.78μM and 5.563μmol/mg/min and for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were 43.61μM and 5.906μmol/mg/min. The enzymatic reaction of Abl 1 tyrosine kinase belongs to ternary-complex mechanism.
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Hui Chen, Erwin Adams, Ann Van Schepdael
A liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometric (LC–ESI–MS) method was developed and validated to study Abl 1 tyrosine kinase. An online desalting system was adopted, and a transformation of the ratio of product to substrate instead of a deuterated internal standard was introduced to calculate the concentration of product. In this study, the substrate used was Abltide (KKGEAIYAAPFA-NH2). The detection was performed by selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode via positive ESI interface. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using an isocratic mobile phase system. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 10nM for the product and 25nM for the substrate. The simple ratios of product to substrate maintained a linear relationship (R 2 =0.9997) over the ratio of 0–50% product. Intra- and inter-day precision was less than 10% and accuracy was from −1.6 to +5.3%. The validated method was applied to the Abl 1 kinase kinetic study and the K m and V max constants obtained for Abltide were 34.78μM and 5.563μmol/mg/min and for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were 43.61μM and 5.906μmol/mg/min. The enzymatic reaction of Abl 1 tyrosine kinase belongs to ternary-complex mechanism.
Highlights
► The kinetic constants of Abl 1 are successfully studied. ► With online desalting system, Tris–HCl buffer is used to conduct enzyme reaction. ► Enzyme reaction of Abl 1 tyrosine kinase belongs to ternary-complex mechanism.LC–MS/MS method for the quantitation of metabolites of eight commonly-used synthetic cannabinoids in human urine – An Australian perspective
19 May 2012,
15:20:35
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Andrew D. de Jager, Janet V. Warner, Michael Henman, Wendy Ferguson, Ashley Hall
An LC–MS/MS method for the quantitation of urinary metabolites of eight JWH-type synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) has been developed and validated. Urine samples are subjected to deconjugation using β-glucuronidase, followed by a solvent extraction procedure. Compounds are separated on a reverse-phase HPLC column within a 14min cycle. Low assay limits are required in order to demonstrate prior exposure to SCs. Matrix effects were studied and proved to be significant for selected analytes, and were challenging to circumvent as isotope-labeled internal standards are not available. An elimination profile from a naïve user following a single smoke of “Kronic” was constructed, showing urinary excretion over 2–3 days with peak concentrations of different metabolites 3–16.5h after smoking. This method has been developed to process several hundred samples within a high-throughput drugs of abuse laboratory, with growing evidence that the use of synthetic cannabinoid blends is common within the Australian workforce.
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Andrew D. de Jager, Janet V. Warner, Michael Henman, Wendy Ferguson, Ashley Hall
An LC–MS/MS method for the quantitation of urinary metabolites of eight JWH-type synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) has been developed and validated. Urine samples are subjected to deconjugation using β-glucuronidase, followed by a solvent extraction procedure. Compounds are separated on a reverse-phase HPLC column within a 14min cycle. Low assay limits are required in order to demonstrate prior exposure to SCs. Matrix effects were studied and proved to be significant for selected analytes, and were challenging to circumvent as isotope-labeled internal standards are not available. An elimination profile from a naïve user following a single smoke of “Kronic” was constructed, showing urinary excretion over 2–3 days with peak concentrations of different metabolites 3–16.5h after smoking. This method has been developed to process several hundred samples within a high-throughput drugs of abuse laboratory, with growing evidence that the use of synthetic cannabinoid blends is common within the Australian workforce.
Highlights
► Good sensitivity, enabling tracking of urinary metabolites for several weeks. ► Herbal blend analysis showed suppliers tailoring composition, as in Europe. ► Application of method to urine samples showed appropriate biomarkers were selected. ► Several hundred samples processed, with positive rate as expected. ► Samples from single individual produced informative time-course profile.Determination of imidacloprid in rice by molecularly imprinted-matrix solid-phase dispersion with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
19 May 2012,
15:20:35
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Ligang Chen, Bin Li
A new method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of imidacloprid in rice. The molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized and applied as the dispersant of MSPD for selective extraction of imidacloprid from rice, while interferences originated from sample matrices were eliminated simultaneously. The satisfactory recovery of imidacloprid was obtained by the optimized extraction conditions: 1:2 as the ratio of sample to MIPs; 8min as the dispersion time; 20% aqueous methanol as washing solvent and methanol as elution solvent. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity of imidacloprid in rice sample was achieved in the range of 10–1000ng/g, and limit of detection was 2.4ng/g. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day tests ranging from 4.5% to 5.9% and from 4.8% to 7.1% are obtained, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of imidacloprid in eight rice samples with recoveries in the range of 83.8–92.5%.
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
Ligang Chen, Bin Li
A new method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of imidacloprid in rice. The molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized and applied as the dispersant of MSPD for selective extraction of imidacloprid from rice, while interferences originated from sample matrices were eliminated simultaneously. The satisfactory recovery of imidacloprid was obtained by the optimized extraction conditions: 1:2 as the ratio of sample to MIPs; 8min as the dispersion time; 20% aqueous methanol as washing solvent and methanol as elution solvent. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity of imidacloprid in rice sample was achieved in the range of 10–1000ng/g, and limit of detection was 2.4ng/g. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day tests ranging from 4.5% to 5.9% and from 4.8% to 7.1% are obtained, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of imidacloprid in eight rice samples with recoveries in the range of 83.8–92.5%.
Highlights
► MIP-MSPD–LC–MS/MS method was developed. ► The method was used for determination of imidacloprid in rice. ► The recoveries of imidacloprid in rice samples from 83.8% to 92.5% were obtained. ► The proposed method was proved to be sensitive and rapid.On-fiber furan formation from volatile precursors: A critical example of artefact formation during Solid-Phase Microextraction
19 May 2012,
15:20:35
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
An Adams, Fien Van Lancker, Bruno De Meulenaer, Agnieszka Owczarek-Fendor, Norbert De Kimpe
For the analysis of furan, a possible carcinogen formed during thermal treatment of food, Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) is a preferred and validated sampling method. However, when volatile furan precursors are adsorbed on the carboxen/PDMS fiber, additional amounts of furan can be formed on the fiber during thermal desorption, as shown here for 2-butenal and furfural. No significant increase in furan amounts was found upon heating the furan precursor 2-butenal, indicating that the furan amounts formed during precursor heating experiments are negligible as compared to the additional amounts of furan formed during fiber desorption. This artefactual furan formation increased with increasing desorption time, but especially with increasing desorption temperature. Although this effect was most pronounced on the Carboxen/PDMS SPME-fiber, it was also noted on two other SPME-fibers tested (PDMS and DVB/Carboxen/PDMS). The general impact on furan data from food and model systems in literature will depend on the amounts of volatile precursors present, but will probably remain limited. However, considering the importance of this worldwide food contaminant, special care has to be taken during SPME-analysis of furan. Especially when performing precursor studies, static headspace sampling should preferably be applied for furan analysis.
Source:Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 897
An Adams, Fien Van Lancker, Bruno De Meulenaer, Agnieszka Owczarek-Fendor, Norbert De Kimpe
For the analysis of furan, a possible carcinogen formed during thermal treatment of food, Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) is a preferred and validated sampling method. However, when volatile furan precursors are adsorbed on the carboxen/PDMS fiber, additional amounts of furan can be formed on the fiber during thermal desorption, as shown here for 2-butenal and furfural. No significant increase in furan amounts was found upon heating the furan precursor 2-butenal, indicating that the furan amounts formed during precursor heating experiments are negligible as compared to the additional amounts of furan formed during fiber desorption. This artefactual furan formation increased with increasing desorption time, but especially with increasing desorption temperature. Although this effect was most pronounced on the Carboxen/PDMS SPME-fiber, it was also noted on two other SPME-fibers tested (PDMS and DVB/Carboxen/PDMS). The general impact on furan data from food and model systems in literature will depend on the amounts of volatile precursors present, but will probably remain limited. However, considering the importance of this worldwide food contaminant, special care has to be taken during SPME-analysis of furan. Especially when performing precursor studies, static headspace sampling should preferably be applied for furan analysis.
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