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S.TsugeH.OhtaniC.WatanabePyrolysis-GC/MS Data Book of Synthetic Polymers. Pyrograms, Thermograms and MS of Pyrolyzates
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
S. Moldoveanu
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
S. Moldoveanu
The effect of modified processing on the densification efficiency and microstructure of phenol–furfural-based carbon composite
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Mohammad Mahdi Sotoudehnia, Ali khalife Soltani, Jafar Eskandari Jam, Fathollah Moztarzadeh
A thermoset resin as matrix precursor has been characterized by differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. Curing and carbonization cycle as well as the content of suitable solvent and cross-linking agent in the resin were modified. The effect of modified processing on the densification efficiency of the phenol–furfural-based carbon composite was investigated and the structure of the composite was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microstructure of the three-dimensional phenol–furfural resin-based carbon composite made with the modified process was compared with those of the normally processed composite. The results showed that the modified process resulted in a relatively greater density with fewer impregnation cycles when compared to the normal process.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Mohammad Mahdi Sotoudehnia, Ali khalife Soltani, Jafar Eskandari Jam, Fathollah Moztarzadeh
A thermoset resin as matrix precursor has been characterized by differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. Curing and carbonization cycle as well as the content of suitable solvent and cross-linking agent in the resin were modified. The effect of modified processing on the densification efficiency of the phenol–furfural-based carbon composite was investigated and the structure of the composite was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microstructure of the three-dimensional phenol–furfural resin-based carbon composite made with the modified process was compared with those of the normally processed composite. The results showed that the modified process resulted in a relatively greater density with fewer impregnation cycles when compared to the normal process.
Highlights
► A novel approach to investigating the effect of pyrolysis and formulation (raw materials) on microstructure. ► Special cure cycle was conducted. ► The specimens were subjected to post curing treatment for different lengths of time including 72h, which was selected as the best time for post curing. ► Appropriate curing, post curing, carbonization and rheological characteristics as well as the percentages of suitable solvents and cross-linking agents in the resin lead to a good matrix distribution around the filaments.Modeling and optimizing of steam pyrolysis of dimethyl formamide by using response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Deepak D. Dicholkar, Vilas G. Gaikar, Shekhar Kumar, R. Natarajan
A non-catalytic steam pyrolysis of N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) was studied in a SS 316 plug flow reactor at atmospheric pressure as a waste solvent minimization method. The reaction products were analyzed by using gas chromatography-thermal conductivity detector and high performance liquid chromatography-refractive index detector. The optimization of process variables namely, temperature, flow rate and water to DMF ratio (v/v) for the maximum conversion of DMF have been studied by response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a Box-Behnken design. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) data shows the conversion of DMF significantly enhances with temperature. Higher flow rate has adverse effect on DMF conversion, whereas water to DMF ratio (v/v) shows negligible effect on conversion of DMF. With the help of a developed RSM model, the highest conversion of DMF (89.82wt%) was predicted at 1100°C, 0.48ml/min and water:DMF ratio of 1.35 (v/v). Based on the experimental design, eight empirical models were developed those depict the interacting effect of different sets of operating variables on conversion of DMF and yield of seven products. Effect of process variables on yield of CO2 and N2 were studied, individually. Oxidative pyrolysis of DMF was also investigated, which shows significant reduction in the coke formation with increasing H2O2 to DMF mol ratio.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Deepak D. Dicholkar, Vilas G. Gaikar, Shekhar Kumar, R. Natarajan
A non-catalytic steam pyrolysis of N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) was studied in a SS 316 plug flow reactor at atmospheric pressure as a waste solvent minimization method. The reaction products were analyzed by using gas chromatography-thermal conductivity detector and high performance liquid chromatography-refractive index detector. The optimization of process variables namely, temperature, flow rate and water to DMF ratio (v/v) for the maximum conversion of DMF have been studied by response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a Box-Behnken design. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) data shows the conversion of DMF significantly enhances with temperature. Higher flow rate has adverse effect on DMF conversion, whereas water to DMF ratio (v/v) shows negligible effect on conversion of DMF. With the help of a developed RSM model, the highest conversion of DMF (89.82wt%) was predicted at 1100°C, 0.48ml/min and water:DMF ratio of 1.35 (v/v). Based on the experimental design, eight empirical models were developed those depict the interacting effect of different sets of operating variables on conversion of DMF and yield of seven products. Effect of process variables on yield of CO2 and N2 were studied, individually. Oxidative pyrolysis of DMF was also investigated, which shows significant reduction in the coke formation with increasing H2O2 to DMF mol ratio.
Highlights
► Steam pyrolysis of DMF was studied as industrial and nuclear waste management. ► Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to optimize the process variables. ► A Box Behnken design is used to develop empirical, 2nd order, mathematical models. ► Temperature and DMF's flow rate show significant effect on the conversion of DMF. ► Optimized reaction conditions were determined for the maximum yield of N2 and CO2.Microstructural analysis of poly(vinylidene fluoride) using benzene derivative pyrolysis products
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Sung-Seen Choi, Yun-Ki Kim
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was pyrolyzed, and the pyrolysis products were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to develop a method for identification of the microstructures of head-to-tail (H-T), tail-to-tail (T-T), and head-to-head-to-tail-to-tail (H-H-T-T) sequences. Key pyrolysis products to determine the relative degrees of the microstructures were benzene derivatives. 1,4-Difluorobenzene, 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene were major pyrolysis products as benzene derivatives. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene and 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene were formed from two HF-eliminated PVDF by 1,6-HF elimination and 1,6-rearrangement, while 1,4-difluorobenzene was generated from two HF-eliminated PVDF by 1,6-H2 elimination and 1,6-rearrangement. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene was generated from the H-T sequence, whereas 1,4-difluorobenzene was formed from the T-T one. 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene can be formed from the H-H-T-T sequence. Relative component ratios of the H-T, T-T, and H-H-T-T sequences of PVDFs can be estimated by comparing relative abundances of the benzene derivative pyrolysis products.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Sung-Seen Choi, Yun-Ki Kim
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was pyrolyzed, and the pyrolysis products were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to develop a method for identification of the microstructures of head-to-tail (H-T), tail-to-tail (T-T), and head-to-head-to-tail-to-tail (H-H-T-T) sequences. Key pyrolysis products to determine the relative degrees of the microstructures were benzene derivatives. 1,4-Difluorobenzene, 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene were major pyrolysis products as benzene derivatives. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene and 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene were formed from two HF-eliminated PVDF by 1,6-HF elimination and 1,6-rearrangement, while 1,4-difluorobenzene was generated from two HF-eliminated PVDF by 1,6-H2 elimination and 1,6-rearrangement. 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene was generated from the H-T sequence, whereas 1,4-difluorobenzene was formed from the T-T one. 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene can be formed from the H-H-T-T sequence. Relative component ratios of the H-T, T-T, and H-H-T-T sequences of PVDFs can be estimated by comparing relative abundances of the benzene derivative pyrolysis products.
Highlights
► Key pyrolysis products of PVDF to determine the microstructures were benzene derivatives. ► 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene was generated from the head-to-tail sequence. ► 1,4-difluorobenzene was formed from the tail-to-tail one. ► 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene was formed from the head-to-head and tail-to-tail serial sequence.Production of char from vacuum pyrolysis of South-African sugar cane bagasse and its characterization as activated carbon and biochar
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Marion Carrier, Ailsa G. Hardie, Ümit Uras, Johann Görgens, Johannes (Hansie) Knoetze
The potential of vacuum pyrolysis to convert sugar cane bagasse into char materials for wastewater treatment and soil amendment is the focus of this research paper. Vacuum pyrolysis produces both bio-oil and char in similar quantities. Vacuum pyrolysis has the potential to produce high quality chars for wastewater treatment and soil amendment directly during the conversion process, with no further upgrading required. In the present study, chars with the required porous structure was obtained directly from the vacuum pyrolysis process, making it very efficient as adsorbent both in terms of methylene blue (MB) adsorption with a N2-BET surface area of 418m2 g−1. Further steam activation of the chars benefited the development of meso- and macroporosity, although this upgrading step was not essential to achieve the required performance of char as an MB adsorbent. The development of large pores during the vacuum pyrolysis favored physisorption of MB, rather than chemisorption. The chemical nature of the vacuum pyrolysis char resulted in a slightly acidic surface (pH 6.56). The biochar from vacuum pyrolysis can be considered as a highly beneficial soil amendment, as it would enhance soil nutrient and water holding capacity, due to its high cation exchange capacity (122cmolc kg−1) and high surface area. It is also a good source of beneficial plant macro- and micronutrients and contains negligible levels of toxic elements.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Marion Carrier, Ailsa G. Hardie, Ümit Uras, Johann Görgens, Johannes (Hansie) Knoetze
The potential of vacuum pyrolysis to convert sugar cane bagasse into char materials for wastewater treatment and soil amendment is the focus of this research paper. Vacuum pyrolysis produces both bio-oil and char in similar quantities. Vacuum pyrolysis has the potential to produce high quality chars for wastewater treatment and soil amendment directly during the conversion process, with no further upgrading required. In the present study, chars with the required porous structure was obtained directly from the vacuum pyrolysis process, making it very efficient as adsorbent both in terms of methylene blue (MB) adsorption with a N2-BET surface area of 418m2 g−1. Further steam activation of the chars benefited the development of meso- and macroporosity, although this upgrading step was not essential to achieve the required performance of char as an MB adsorbent. The development of large pores during the vacuum pyrolysis favored physisorption of MB, rather than chemisorption. The chemical nature of the vacuum pyrolysis char resulted in a slightly acidic surface (pH 6.56). The biochar from vacuum pyrolysis can be considered as a highly beneficial soil amendment, as it would enhance soil nutrient and water holding capacity, due to its high cation exchange capacity (122cmolc kg−1) and high surface area. It is also a good source of beneficial plant macro- and micronutrients and contains negligible levels of toxic elements.
Highlights
► Vacuum pyrolysis has the potential to produce high quality chars from sugarcane bagasse for wastewater treatment and soil amendment with no further upgrading required. ► The chemical nature of the vacuum pyrolysis char resulted in a slightly acidic surface (pH 6.56) when other biochars are usually quite alkaline. ► This char can be considered as a highly beneficial soil amendment, as it would enhance soil nutrient and water holding capacity, due to its high cation exchange capacity and high surface area.Classification of forensic soil evidences by application of THM-PyGC/MS and multivariate analysis
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Choong Sik Lee, Tae Myung Sung, Hyong Seong Kim, Chung Hyun Jeon
The forensic classification of soil samples was carried out by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) of soil organic matters (SOM) using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PyGC/MS). In this work, thirty-three THM derivatives were detected as SOM contained in <3mg soil. The specific ions of the mass spectra were selected to separate and minimize the interference between SOM peaks. SOM data were normalized with the sum of peak areas to correct the amounts of SOM contained in the soil, and the chemometric approach based on principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was employed to evaluate and compare the soil classification. The first seven principal components (PCs) accounted for 94.8% of total cumulate variance and these PCs were statistically determined by multiple comparisons (Tamhane's T2 and Dunnett's T3) for the post hoc test (p-value<0.05) and were used to construct the LDA model. It was determined that multiple comparisons were a statistically good criterion for deciding on the number of PCs for the LDA model. It was also concluded that the discrimination model correctly classified 40 soil samples into six clusters with high accuracy. Furthermore, the eleven marker compounds were investigated according to the loadings of PCs and the normalized data. These results demonstrated that lignin, fatty acid and urea can be used as potentially useful compounds to characterize soil samples for forensic purposes.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Choong Sik Lee, Tae Myung Sung, Hyong Seong Kim, Chung Hyun Jeon
The forensic classification of soil samples was carried out by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) of soil organic matters (SOM) using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PyGC/MS). In this work, thirty-three THM derivatives were detected as SOM contained in <3mg soil. The specific ions of the mass spectra were selected to separate and minimize the interference between SOM peaks. SOM data were normalized with the sum of peak areas to correct the amounts of SOM contained in the soil, and the chemometric approach based on principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was employed to evaluate and compare the soil classification. The first seven principal components (PCs) accounted for 94.8% of total cumulate variance and these PCs were statistically determined by multiple comparisons (Tamhane's T2 and Dunnett's T3) for the post hoc test (p-value<0.05) and were used to construct the LDA model. It was determined that multiple comparisons were a statistically good criterion for deciding on the number of PCs for the LDA model. It was also concluded that the discrimination model correctly classified 40 soil samples into six clusters with high accuracy. Furthermore, the eleven marker compounds were investigated according to the loadings of PCs and the normalized data. These results demonstrated that lignin, fatty acid and urea can be used as potentially useful compounds to characterize soil samples for forensic purposes.
Highlights
► Forensic classification of soil samples by THM of soil organic matters. ► Application of trace organic compounds contained in <3mg soil. ► Determination of soil marker compounds, lignin, fatty acids and urea included.Investigation of thermal decomposition of phosphonic acids
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
T. Hoffmann, P. Friedel, C. Harnisch, L. Häußler, D. Pospiech
The paper compares building and decomposition pathways of two phosphonic acids, amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP). The theoretical formation reactions were composed using elementary reactions and compared to reaction routes published in literature. As result, summary reaction pathways for both phosphonic acids are proposed which only vary in the number of reaction steps required. These reaction steps include carbonyl reactions, SN2-reactions, and ionic reactions. The synthesis of ATMP proceeds in three reaction steps, whereas HEDP is formed in one reaction. The thermal decomposition of both phosphonic acids in solid state was examined by combination of thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy as well as pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Decomposition mechanisms were deduced and compared to the theoretical findings resulting in the conclusion that the decomposition processes of ATMP and HEDP follows the formation mechanism. Thus, the suitability of theoretical considerations for the understanding of thermal decomposition processes is shown.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
T. Hoffmann, P. Friedel, C. Harnisch, L. Häußler, D. Pospiech
The paper compares building and decomposition pathways of two phosphonic acids, amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP). The theoretical formation reactions were composed using elementary reactions and compared to reaction routes published in literature. As result, summary reaction pathways for both phosphonic acids are proposed which only vary in the number of reaction steps required. These reaction steps include carbonyl reactions, SN2-reactions, and ionic reactions. The synthesis of ATMP proceeds in three reaction steps, whereas HEDP is formed in one reaction. The thermal decomposition of both phosphonic acids in solid state was examined by combination of thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy as well as pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Decomposition mechanisms were deduced and compared to the theoretical findings resulting in the conclusion that the decomposition processes of ATMP and HEDP follows the formation mechanism. Thus, the suitability of theoretical considerations for the understanding of thermal decomposition processes is shown.
Highlights
► We compare building and decomposition pathways of two phosphonic acids. ► We examine whether the thermal decomposition is reverse to the formation mechanism. ► Based on the identified volatile products decomposition pathways were derived. ► We conclude that the decomposition processes follow the formation mechanism.Catalytic stepwise pyrolysis of packaging plastic waste
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
A. Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, M.F. Laresgoiti, A. Adrados
In this paper the combination of catalytic and stepwise pyrolysis is explored. A mixture of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which resembles real municipal plastic waste, has been pyrolysed in a 3.5dm3 semi-batch reactor at 440°C for 30min using a ZSM-5 zeolite as catalyst. A low temperature (300°C) dechlorination step has been carried out both with and without catalyst. It has been proved that the application of such dechlorination step gives rise to a 75wt% reduction of chlorine in the liquid fraction. However, such step has a negative influence on the catalyst, which loses some catalytic activity. The optimum procedure in terms of quality and chlorine content of the products is the combination of first a low temperature step without catalyst, and second the catalytic pyrolysis step.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
A. Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, M.F. Laresgoiti, A. Adrados
In this paper the combination of catalytic and stepwise pyrolysis is explored. A mixture of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), which resembles real municipal plastic waste, has been pyrolysed in a 3.5dm3 semi-batch reactor at 440°C for 30min using a ZSM-5 zeolite as catalyst. A low temperature (300°C) dechlorination step has been carried out both with and without catalyst. It has been proved that the application of such dechlorination step gives rise to a 75wt% reduction of chlorine in the liquid fraction. However, such step has a negative influence on the catalyst, which loses some catalytic activity. The optimum procedure in terms of quality and chlorine content of the products is the combination of first a low temperature step without catalyst, and second the catalytic pyrolysis step.
Highlights
► Catalytic pyrolysis enhances the quality of pyrolysis products compared to thermal pyrolysis. ► The dechlorination step is an unavoidable step in order to reduce the chlorine content of the pyrolysis liquids. ► The low-temperature dechlorination step decreases catalyst activity, therefore it must be carried out in the absence of catalyst. ► Catalytic stepwise pyrolysis produces low chlorine content and valuable pyrolysis liquids.Thermal degradation of magnetite nanoparticles with hydrophilic shell
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Cristian-Dragos Varganici, Anamaria Durdureanu-Angheluta, Dan Rosu, Mariana Pinteala, Bogdan C. Simionescu
The aim of this study was the investigation of thermal degradation process at the interface of a core–shell type structure. Such hybrid compound was comprised of an inorganic core of magnetite nanoparticles and an organic shell consisting of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The thermal degradation has been studied by thermogravimetry in nitrogen atmosphere, up to 500°C. The evolved gases analysis was performed using a coupling to a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer equipped with external modulus for gas analyses. Isoconversional kinetic study was conducted and a three stage thermal degradation mechanism was proposed.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Cristian-Dragos Varganici, Anamaria Durdureanu-Angheluta, Dan Rosu, Mariana Pinteala, Bogdan C. Simionescu
The aim of this study was the investigation of thermal degradation process at the interface of a core–shell type structure. Such hybrid compound was comprised of an inorganic core of magnetite nanoparticles and an organic shell consisting of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The thermal degradation has been studied by thermogravimetry in nitrogen atmosphere, up to 500°C. The evolved gases analysis was performed using a coupling to a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer equipped with external modulus for gas analyses. Isoconversional kinetic study was conducted and a three stage thermal degradation mechanism was proposed.
Highlights
► Isoconversional kinetic study was conducted. ► The software yielded a good correlation between experimental data and data calculated with the established kinetic model. ► A mechanism of thermal degradation of covered magnetite nanoparticles was proposed considering structural changes recorded during controlled heating.Thermal decomposition of polymer mixtures of PVC, PET and ABS containing brominated flame retardant: Formation of chlorinated and brominated organic compounds
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Zs. Czégény, E. Jakab, M. Blazsó, T. Bhaskar, Y. Sakata
The thermal decomposition of various mixtures of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS), ABS containing brominated epoxy resin flame retardant and Sb2O3, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been studied in order to clarify the reactions between the components of mixed polymers. More than 40 halogen-containing molecules have been identified among the pyrolysis products of mixed samples. Brominated and chlorinated aromatic esters were detected from the mixtures containing PET and halogen-containing polymers. A series of chlorinated, brominated and mixed chlorinated and brominated phenols and bisphenol A molecules have been identified among the pyrolysis products of polymer mixtures containing flame retarded ABS and PVC. It was established that the decomposition rate curves (DTG) of the mixtures were not simple superpositions of the individual components indicating interactions between the decomposition reactions of the polymer components. The maximal rate of thermal decomposition of both ABS and PET decreases significantly if the mixture contains brominated epoxy flame retardant and Sb2O3 synergist. The dehydrochlorination rate of PVC is enhanced in the presence of ABS or PET.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Zs. Czégény, E. Jakab, M. Blazsó, T. Bhaskar, Y. Sakata
The thermal decomposition of various mixtures of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS), ABS containing brominated epoxy resin flame retardant and Sb2O3, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been studied in order to clarify the reactions between the components of mixed polymers. More than 40 halogen-containing molecules have been identified among the pyrolysis products of mixed samples. Brominated and chlorinated aromatic esters were detected from the mixtures containing PET and halogen-containing polymers. A series of chlorinated, brominated and mixed chlorinated and brominated phenols and bisphenol A molecules have been identified among the pyrolysis products of polymer mixtures containing flame retarded ABS and PVC. It was established that the decomposition rate curves (DTG) of the mixtures were not simple superpositions of the individual components indicating interactions between the decomposition reactions of the polymer components. The maximal rate of thermal decomposition of both ABS and PET decreases significantly if the mixture contains brominated epoxy flame retardant and Sb2O3 synergist. The dehydrochlorination rate of PVC is enhanced in the presence of ABS or PET.
Highlights
► The ABS, PET, PVC and brominated epoxy flame retardant influence the decomposition of each other. ► A series of brominated, chlorinated and both chlorinated and brominated phenols and bisphenol A molecules forms if both PVC and brominated epoxy oligomer flame retardant are present in the mixture. ► The PET decomposition radicals are ready to stabilize with both Cl or Br radical in the presence of PVC or brominated epoxy flame retardant. ► The brominated epoxy flame retardant and Sb2O3 synergyst initiates the decomposition of ABS, this effect intensifies in the presence of PET.Energy along Interstate I-95: Pyrolysis kinetics of Floridian cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto)
01 June 2012,
10:13:33
Publication year:
2012
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Li Buessing, Jillian L. Goldfarb
The efficient utilization of biomass as a renewable fuel relies on the identification of readily available fuel sources and an adequate description of their decomposition reactions. Cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) is one potential local energy source for the Southeastern United States. The kinetics of pyrolysis of three particle size fractions (125–250, 250–300, 300–500μm) of cabbage palm leaf, stalk and trunk were examined using nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis with heating rates of 25, 50 and 100°Cmin−1 under constant nitrogen flow. Using the Arrhenius equation to calculate the activation energy and pre-exponential factor, three distinct fractions, corresponding primarily to hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, were found to decompose over three temperature ranges, each with distinct activation energies. The largest mass loss occurred in the mid-temperature fraction (40–45%); the low temperature region had approximately 30% mass loss and the high temperature region had 15–25% mass loss. Pyrolysis at higher heating rates decreased the activation energy of each palm material, whereas particle size was not correlated with activation energy. For leaf, stalk and trunk, activation energies ranged from 64 to 115, 67 to 152 and 19 to 25kJmol−1 for the low, medium, and high temperature range fractions, corresponding to hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, respectively.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 96
Li Buessing, Jillian L. Goldfarb
The efficient utilization of biomass as a renewable fuel relies on the identification of readily available fuel sources and an adequate description of their decomposition reactions. Cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) is one potential local energy source for the Southeastern United States. The kinetics of pyrolysis of three particle size fractions (125–250, 250–300, 300–500μm) of cabbage palm leaf, stalk and trunk were examined using nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis with heating rates of 25, 50 and 100°Cmin−1 under constant nitrogen flow. Using the Arrhenius equation to calculate the activation energy and pre-exponential factor, three distinct fractions, corresponding primarily to hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, were found to decompose over three temperature ranges, each with distinct activation energies. The largest mass loss occurred in the mid-temperature fraction (40–45%); the low temperature region had approximately 30% mass loss and the high temperature region had 15–25% mass loss. Pyrolysis at higher heating rates decreased the activation energy of each palm material, whereas particle size was not correlated with activation energy. For leaf, stalk and trunk, activation energies ranged from 64 to 115, 67 to 152 and 19 to 25kJmol−1 for the low, medium, and high temperature range fractions, corresponding to hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, respectively.
Our paper demonstrates that with this new gallium-zeolite catalyst we can increase the yield of those products by 40 percent.
ReplyDeleteCatalytic Pyrolysis
The process is used heavily in the chemical industry, for example, to produce charcoal, activated carbon, methanol, and other chemicals from wood, to convert ethylene dichloride into vinyl chloride to make PVC.
ReplyDeletePlastics Pyrolysis Fuel System