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Recent advances in ZnO nanostructures and thin films for biosensor applications: Review
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Sunil K. Arya, Shibu Saha, Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick, Vinay Gupta, Shekhar Bhansali, Surinder P. Singh
Biosensors have shown great potential for health care and environmental monitoring. The performance of biosensors depends on their components, among which the matrix material, i.e., the layer between the recognition layer of biomolecule and transducer, plays a crucial role in defining the stability, sensitivity and shelf-life of a biosensor. Recently, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures and thin films have attracted much interest as materials for biosensors due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, high isoelectric point, electrochemical activity, high electron mobility, ease of synthesis by diverse methods and high surface-to-volume ratio. ZnO nanostructures have shown the binding of biomolecules in desired orientations with improved conformation and high biological activity, resulting in enhanced sensing characteristics. Furthermore, compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology for constructing integrated circuits makes ZnO nanostructures suitable candidate for future small integrated biosensor devices. This review highlights recent advances in various approaches towards synthesis of ZnO nanostructures and thin films and their applications in biosensor technology.
► This review highlights various approaches to synthesize ZnO nanostructures and thin films. ► Article highlights the importance of ZnO nanostructures as biosensor matrix. ► Article highlights the advances in various biosensors based on ZnO nanostructures. ► Article describes the potential of ZnO based biosensor for new generation healthcare devices.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Sunil K. Arya, Shibu Saha, Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick, Vinay Gupta, Shekhar Bhansali, Surinder P. Singh
Biosensors have shown great potential for health care and environmental monitoring. The performance of biosensors depends on their components, among which the matrix material, i.e., the layer between the recognition layer of biomolecule and transducer, plays a crucial role in defining the stability, sensitivity and shelf-life of a biosensor. Recently, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures and thin films have attracted much interest as materials for biosensors due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, high isoelectric point, electrochemical activity, high electron mobility, ease of synthesis by diverse methods and high surface-to-volume ratio. ZnO nanostructures have shown the binding of biomolecules in desired orientations with improved conformation and high biological activity, resulting in enhanced sensing characteristics. Furthermore, compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology for constructing integrated circuits makes ZnO nanostructures suitable candidate for future small integrated biosensor devices. This review highlights recent advances in various approaches towards synthesis of ZnO nanostructures and thin films and their applications in biosensor technology.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
ZnO nanostructures have shown binding of biomolecules in desired orientation with improved conformation and high biological activity, resulting in enhanced sensing characteristics. Furthermore, their compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology for constructing integrated circuits makes them suitable candidate for future small integrated biosensor devices. This review highlights various approaches to synthesize ZnO nanostructures and thin films, and their applications in biosensor technology.► This review highlights various approaches to synthesize ZnO nanostructures and thin films. ► Article highlights the importance of ZnO nanostructures as biosensor matrix. ► Article highlights the advances in various biosensors based on ZnO nanostructures. ► Article describes the potential of ZnO based biosensor for new generation healthcare devices.
Magnetic Fe3O4@Au composite-enhanced surface plasmon resonance for ultrasensitive detection of magnetic nanoparticle-enriched α-fetoprotein
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Ru-Ping Liang, Gui-Hong Yao, Li-Xia Fan, Jian-Ding Qiu
Small molecules or analytes present at low concentrations are difficult to detect directly using conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques because only small changes in the refractive index of the medium are typically induced by the binding of these analytes. Here, we present an amplification technique using core–shell Fe3O4@Au magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for an SPR bioassay. To evaluate this amplification effect, a novel SPR sensor based on a sandwich immunoassay was developed to detect α-fetoprotein (AFP) by immobilizing a primary AFP antibody (Ab1) on the surface of a 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate/chitosan-ferrocene/Au NP (MPS/CS-Fc/Au NP) film employing Fe3O4@Au–AFP secondary antibody conjugates (Fe3O4@Au–Ab2) as the amplification reagent. The stepwise fabrication of the biosensor was characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. A calibration curve of Fe3O4@Au–Ab2 conjugates amplification for AFP detection was obtained to yield a correlation in the range of 1.0–200.0ngmL−1 with a detection limit of 0.65ngmL−1, and a significant increase in sensitivity was therefore afforded through the use of Fe3O4@Au–Ab2 conjugates as an amplifier. This magnetic separation and amplification strategy has great potential for the detection of other biomolecules of interest with low interference and high sensitivity by changing the antibody label used in the Fe3O4@Au–antibody conjugates.
► We report an amplification technique using Fe3O4@Au MNPs for an SPR bioassay. ► Fe3O4@Au MNPs can function as an amplifier to increase the SPR signal. ► Sensitive detection of AFP is achieved via the purification/amplification protocol. ► This strategy has great potential for detecting other biomolecules of interest.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Ru-Ping Liang, Gui-Hong Yao, Li-Xia Fan, Jian-Ding Qiu
Small molecules or analytes present at low concentrations are difficult to detect directly using conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques because only small changes in the refractive index of the medium are typically induced by the binding of these analytes. Here, we present an amplification technique using core–shell Fe3O4@Au magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for an SPR bioassay. To evaluate this amplification effect, a novel SPR sensor based on a sandwich immunoassay was developed to detect α-fetoprotein (AFP) by immobilizing a primary AFP antibody (Ab1) on the surface of a 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate/chitosan-ferrocene/Au NP (MPS/CS-Fc/Au NP) film employing Fe3O4@Au–AFP secondary antibody conjugates (Fe3O4@Au–Ab2) as the amplification reagent. The stepwise fabrication of the biosensor was characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. A calibration curve of Fe3O4@Au–Ab2 conjugates amplification for AFP detection was obtained to yield a correlation in the range of 1.0–200.0ngmL−1 with a detection limit of 0.65ngmL−1, and a significant increase in sensitivity was therefore afforded through the use of Fe3O4@Au–Ab2 conjugates as an amplifier. This magnetic separation and amplification strategy has great potential for the detection of other biomolecules of interest with low interference and high sensitivity by changing the antibody label used in the Fe3O4@Au–antibody conjugates.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► We report an amplification technique using Fe3O4@Au MNPs for an SPR bioassay. ► Fe3O4@Au MNPs can function as an amplifier to increase the SPR signal. ► Sensitive detection of AFP is achieved via the purification/amplification protocol. ► This strategy has great potential for detecting other biomolecules of interest.
Disposable amperometric magneto-immunosensor for direct detection of tetracyclines antibiotics residues in milk
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Felipe Conzuelo, María Gamella, Susana Campuzano, A. Julio Reviejo, José M. Pingarrón
The preparation and performance of a disposable amperometric magneto-immunosensor, involving the use of a selective capture antibody immobilized on the surface of protein G-functionalized magnetic beads (ProtG-MBs) and screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), for the specific detection and quantification of tetracyclines (TCs) residues in milk is reported. A direct competitive immunoassay using a tracer with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the enzymatic labeling was performed. The amperometric response measured at −0.2V vs. the silver pseudo-reference electrode of the SPCE upon the addition of H2O2 in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) as redox mediator was used as transduction signal. The developed methodology showed very low limits of detection (in the low ppb level) for 4 tetracycline antibiotics tested in untreated milk samples, and a good selectivity against other antibiotic residues frequently detected in milk and dairy products. The usefulness of the magneto-immunosensor was demonstrated by analyzing UHT whole milk samples spiked with 44ngmL−1 tetracycline (TC) as well as a reference milk containing a certified oxytetracycline (OTC) content. These features, together with the short analysis time (30min), the simplicity, and easy automation and miniaturization of the required instrumentation make the developed methodology a promising alternative in the development of devices for on-site analysis.
► First disposable amperometric magnetoimmunosensor for detection of TCs in milk. ► Immunosensor with great sensitivity and broad specificity for TCs detection. ► LODs achieved for all the TCs tested below the MRLs. ► Useful and affordable alternative to classical assays for TCs’ detection.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Felipe Conzuelo, María Gamella, Susana Campuzano, A. Julio Reviejo, José M. Pingarrón
The preparation and performance of a disposable amperometric magneto-immunosensor, involving the use of a selective capture antibody immobilized on the surface of protein G-functionalized magnetic beads (ProtG-MBs) and screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), for the specific detection and quantification of tetracyclines (TCs) residues in milk is reported. A direct competitive immunoassay using a tracer with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the enzymatic labeling was performed. The amperometric response measured at −0.2V vs. the silver pseudo-reference electrode of the SPCE upon the addition of H2O2 in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) as redox mediator was used as transduction signal. The developed methodology showed very low limits of detection (in the low ppb level) for 4 tetracycline antibiotics tested in untreated milk samples, and a good selectivity against other antibiotic residues frequently detected in milk and dairy products. The usefulness of the magneto-immunosensor was demonstrated by analyzing UHT whole milk samples spiked with 44ngmL−1 tetracycline (TC) as well as a reference milk containing a certified oxytetracycline (OTC) content. These features, together with the short analysis time (30min), the simplicity, and easy automation and miniaturization of the required instrumentation make the developed methodology a promising alternative in the development of devices for on-site analysis.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► First disposable amperometric magnetoimmunosensor for detection of TCs in milk. ► Immunosensor with great sensitivity and broad specificity for TCs detection. ► LODs achieved for all the TCs tested below the MRLs. ► Useful and affordable alternative to classical assays for TCs’ detection.
Chemical images of marine bio-active compounds by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and transposed orthogonal partial least squares (T-OPLS)
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Aamer Abbas, Mats Josefson, Göran M. Nylund, Henrik Pavia, Katarina Abrahamsson
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with transposed Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (T-OPLS) was shown to produce chemical images of the natural antibacterial surface-active compound 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone (TBH) on Bonnemaisonia hamifera. The use of gold colloids functionalised with the internal standard 4-mercapto-benzonitrile (MBN) made it possible to create images of the relative concentration of TBH over the surfaces. A gradient of TBH could be mapped over and in the close vicinity of the B. hamifera algal vesicles at the attomol/pixel level. T-OPLS produced a measure of the spectral correlation for each pixel of the hyperspectral images whilst not including spectral variation that was linearly independent of the target spectrum. In this paper we show the possibility to retrieve specific spectral information with a low magnitude in a complex matrix.
► T-OPLS imaging. ► Chemical images of algal antibacterial agent. ► Mapping by SERS with internal standard.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Aamer Abbas, Mats Josefson, Göran M. Nylund, Henrik Pavia, Katarina Abrahamsson
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with transposed Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (T-OPLS) was shown to produce chemical images of the natural antibacterial surface-active compound 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone (TBH) on Bonnemaisonia hamifera. The use of gold colloids functionalised with the internal standard 4-mercapto-benzonitrile (MBN) made it possible to create images of the relative concentration of TBH over the surfaces. A gradient of TBH could be mapped over and in the close vicinity of the B. hamifera algal vesicles at the attomol/pixel level. T-OPLS produced a measure of the spectral correlation for each pixel of the hyperspectral images whilst not including spectral variation that was linearly independent of the target spectrum. In this paper we show the possibility to retrieve specific spectral information with a low magnitude in a complex matrix.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► T-OPLS imaging. ► Chemical images of algal antibacterial agent. ► Mapping by SERS with internal standard.
Non-contact detection of chemical warfare simulant triethyl phosphate using PM-IRRAS
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Annia H. Kycia, Mansoor Vezvaie, Vlad Zamlynny, Jacek Lipkowski, Michael W.P. Petryk
Polarization modulation-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) was employed to detect the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant triethyl phosphate (TEP) on gold, as well as on US military paint, i.e., chemical agent resistant coating (CARC). The targeted CWAs (G and V-series nerve agents) are characterized by phosphoric group vibrations present in the 1200cm−1 region. TEP displays two prominent peaks at 1268cm−1 and 1036cm−1 corresponding to PO and (P)OC vibrations, respectively. A droplet of TEP solution in cyclohexane was deposited on gold and CARC substrates and after solvent evaporation PM-IRRAS spectra were collected in the 1200cm−1 region. The integrated peak area of the PO and (P)OC vibrations was used to construct calibration curves and to determine the experimental limit of detection (LoD). In the case of gold as the substrate the estimated LoD of ∼0.48μg and 1.23μg was obtained for the PO and (P)OC vibrations, respectively. In the case of CARC, a LoD of 24μg was determined. These detection limits are at least 3 orders of magnitude lower than the typical lethal dose of G and V-series nerve agents, demonstrating potential of PM-IRRAS for non-contact detection of these CWAs.
► PM-IRRAS was employed to detect the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant triethyl phosphate. ► The targeted CWAs (G and V-series nerve agents) are characterized by phosphoric group vibrations. ► The PO and (P)OC bands were used to determine the experimental limit of detection (LoD). ► The estimated LoD is 300 times lower than the typical lethal dose of G and V-series nerve agents. ► PM-IRRAS shows promise as a technology of an optically-based system for non-contact detection of persistent CWAs.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Annia H. Kycia, Mansoor Vezvaie, Vlad Zamlynny, Jacek Lipkowski, Michael W.P. Petryk
Polarization modulation-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) was employed to detect the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant triethyl phosphate (TEP) on gold, as well as on US military paint, i.e., chemical agent resistant coating (CARC). The targeted CWAs (G and V-series nerve agents) are characterized by phosphoric group vibrations present in the 1200cm−1 region. TEP displays two prominent peaks at 1268cm−1 and 1036cm−1 corresponding to PO and (P)OC vibrations, respectively. A droplet of TEP solution in cyclohexane was deposited on gold and CARC substrates and after solvent evaporation PM-IRRAS spectra were collected in the 1200cm−1 region. The integrated peak area of the PO and (P)OC vibrations was used to construct calibration curves and to determine the experimental limit of detection (LoD). In the case of gold as the substrate the estimated LoD of ∼0.48μg and 1.23μg was obtained for the PO and (P)OC vibrations, respectively. In the case of CARC, a LoD of 24μg was determined. These detection limits are at least 3 orders of magnitude lower than the typical lethal dose of G and V-series nerve agents, demonstrating potential of PM-IRRAS for non-contact detection of these CWAs.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► PM-IRRAS was employed to detect the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant triethyl phosphate. ► The targeted CWAs (G and V-series nerve agents) are characterized by phosphoric group vibrations. ► The PO and (P)OC bands were used to determine the experimental limit of detection (LoD). ► The estimated LoD is 300 times lower than the typical lethal dose of G and V-series nerve agents. ► PM-IRRAS shows promise as a technology of an optically-based system for non-contact detection of persistent CWAs.
Modification of glassy carbon electrode with a polymer/mediator composite and its application for the electrochemical detection of iodate
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Ta-Jen Li, Chia-Yu Lin, A. Balamurugan, Chung-Wei Kung, Jen-Yuan Wang, Chih-Wei Hu, Chun-Chieh Wang, Po-Yen Chen, R. Vittal, Kuo-Chuan Ho
A modified glassy carbon electrode was prepared by depositing a composite of polymer and mediator on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The mediator, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were electrochemically deposited as a composite on the GCE by applying cyclic voltammetry (CV). This modified electrode is hereafter designated as GCE/PEDOT/FAD. FAD was found to significantly enhance the growth of PEDOT. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) analysis was performed to study the mass changes in the electrode during the electrodeposition of PEDOT, with and without the addition of FAD. The optimal cycle number for preparing the modified electrode was determined to be 9, and the corresponding surface coverage of FAD (Γ FAD) was ca. 5.11×10−10 molcm−2. The amperometric detection of iodate was performed in a 100mM buffer solution (pH 1.5). The GCE/PEDOT/FAD showed a sensitivity of 0.78μAμM−1 cm−2, a linear range of 4–140μM, and a limit of detection of 0.16μM for iodate. The interference effects of 250-fold Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cl−, NO3 −, I−, SO4 2− and SO3 2−, with reference to the concentration of iodate were negligible. The long-term stability of GCE/PEDOT/FAD was also investigated. The GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode retained 82% of its initial amperometric response to iodate after 7 days. The GCE/PEDOT/FAD was also applied to determine iodate in a commercial salt.
► FAD and PEDOT are combined to modify the glassy carbon electrode for IO3 − sensing. ► The doping of FAD into PEDOT matrix can almost be viewed as an irreversible process. ► The optimal cycle number for preparing the GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode is found to be 9. ► The detection limit of the GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode for IO3 − is found to be 0.16μM. ► The GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode possesses enough selectivity toward IO3 −.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Ta-Jen Li, Chia-Yu Lin, A. Balamurugan, Chung-Wei Kung, Jen-Yuan Wang, Chih-Wei Hu, Chun-Chieh Wang, Po-Yen Chen, R. Vittal, Kuo-Chuan Ho
A modified glassy carbon electrode was prepared by depositing a composite of polymer and mediator on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The mediator, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were electrochemically deposited as a composite on the GCE by applying cyclic voltammetry (CV). This modified electrode is hereafter designated as GCE/PEDOT/FAD. FAD was found to significantly enhance the growth of PEDOT. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) analysis was performed to study the mass changes in the electrode during the electrodeposition of PEDOT, with and without the addition of FAD. The optimal cycle number for preparing the modified electrode was determined to be 9, and the corresponding surface coverage of FAD (Γ FAD) was ca. 5.11×10−10 molcm−2. The amperometric detection of iodate was performed in a 100mM buffer solution (pH 1.5). The GCE/PEDOT/FAD showed a sensitivity of 0.78μAμM−1 cm−2, a linear range of 4–140μM, and a limit of detection of 0.16μM for iodate. The interference effects of 250-fold Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cl−, NO3 −, I−, SO4 2− and SO3 2−, with reference to the concentration of iodate were negligible. The long-term stability of GCE/PEDOT/FAD was also investigated. The GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode retained 82% of its initial amperometric response to iodate after 7 days. The GCE/PEDOT/FAD was also applied to determine iodate in a commercial salt.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► FAD and PEDOT are combined to modify the glassy carbon electrode for IO3 − sensing. ► The doping of FAD into PEDOT matrix can almost be viewed as an irreversible process. ► The optimal cycle number for preparing the GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode is found to be 9. ► The detection limit of the GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode for IO3 − is found to be 0.16μM. ► The GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode possesses enough selectivity toward IO3 −.
Relationship between ammonia sensing properties of polyaniline nanostructures and their deposition and synthesis methods
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
H. Kebiche, D. Debarnot, A. Merzouki, F. Poncin-Epaillard, N. Haddaoui
The ammonia absorption properties of polyaniline nanostructures are studied in terms of sensitivity, response and recovery times and stability. These characteristics are obtained by measuring, at room temperature, the absorbance variations at 632nm. The nanostructures are synthesized either by interfacial or rapid or dropwise polymerizations with the oxidant-to-monomer mole ratio equals to 0.5 or 1. The influence of the deposition method (in-situ or drop-coating technique) as well as the nature of the dopant (HCl, CSA or I2) on the gas detection properties are also studied. The results show a strong dependence of the morphology on the deposition method, the in-situ technique leads to the best sensitivity and response time. For this deposition method, the nanostructures sensitivity, response time and regeneration rate depend on the synthesis method, the dopant and the mole ratio. The ageing effect after 8 months under ambient conditions and the mechanism of interaction between the polyaniline nanostructures and ammonia molecules are also presented.
► Dependence of nanostructure morphology on the deposition process. ► Interest of nanostructures for gas detection compared to conventional polyaniline. ► Importance of a high surface area on the improved gas sensor performances. ► Better performances of nanostructures synthesized by rapid mixing polymerization. ► Better stability of CSA-doped polyaniline.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
H. Kebiche, D. Debarnot, A. Merzouki, F. Poncin-Epaillard, N. Haddaoui
The ammonia absorption properties of polyaniline nanostructures are studied in terms of sensitivity, response and recovery times and stability. These characteristics are obtained by measuring, at room temperature, the absorbance variations at 632nm. The nanostructures are synthesized either by interfacial or rapid or dropwise polymerizations with the oxidant-to-monomer mole ratio equals to 0.5 or 1. The influence of the deposition method (in-situ or drop-coating technique) as well as the nature of the dopant (HCl, CSA or I2) on the gas detection properties are also studied. The results show a strong dependence of the morphology on the deposition method, the in-situ technique leads to the best sensitivity and response time. For this deposition method, the nanostructures sensitivity, response time and regeneration rate depend on the synthesis method, the dopant and the mole ratio. The ageing effect after 8 months under ambient conditions and the mechanism of interaction between the polyaniline nanostructures and ammonia molecules are also presented.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
.► Dependence of nanostructure morphology on the deposition process. ► Interest of nanostructures for gas detection compared to conventional polyaniline. ► Importance of a high surface area on the improved gas sensor performances. ► Better performances of nanostructures synthesized by rapid mixing polymerization. ► Better stability of CSA-doped polyaniline.
Development of a potassium-selective optode for hydroponic nutrient solution monitoring
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Matthew Bamsey, Alain Berinstain, Michael Dixon
Highly efficient and reliable plant growth such as that required in biological life support systems for future space-based missions can be better achieved with knowledge of ion concentrations within the hydroponic nutrient solution. This paper reports on the development and application of ion-selective bulk optodes to plant growth systems. Membranes for potassium-selective sensing are reported that have been tailored so that their dynamic range is centred on potassium activities within typical nutrient solution recipes. The developed sensors have been shown to exhibit a potassium activity measuring range from 0.134 to 117mM at pH 6.0. These bulk optodes show full scale response on the order of several minutes. They show minimal interference to other cations and meet worst-case selectivity requirements for potassium monitoring in the considered half strength Hoagland solution. When continuously immersed in nutrient solution, these sensors demonstrated predicable lifetimes on the order of 50h. The developed instrument for absorption-based measurements including light source, mini-spectrometer and optode probe is presented. Custom instrument control and monitoring software including a spectral normalization procedure, use of a dual-wavelength absorbance ratio technique and automatic adjustment for pH variation result in an instrument that is self-calibrating and one that can account for effects such as light source fluctuations, membrane thickness variations and a variety of other factors. The low mass, low volume nature of bulk optode sensing systems, make them a promising technology for future space-based plant production systems. Their low-cost and technology transfer potential suggest that they could provide terrestrial growers a new and reliable mechanism to obtain ion-selective knowledge of their nutrient solution, improving yields, reducing costs and aiding in compliance to continually more stringent environmental regulation.
► Potassium-selective bulk optode for hydroponic nutrient solution monitoring. ► Summary review of all published potassium bulk optodes. ► Description of developed absorption-based fibre optic instrument. ► Characterization of sensor selectivity, influence of pH/temperature, lifetime, etc. ► Overview of specific space-based and terrestrial technology transfer benefits.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Matthew Bamsey, Alain Berinstain, Michael Dixon
Highly efficient and reliable plant growth such as that required in biological life support systems for future space-based missions can be better achieved with knowledge of ion concentrations within the hydroponic nutrient solution. This paper reports on the development and application of ion-selective bulk optodes to plant growth systems. Membranes for potassium-selective sensing are reported that have been tailored so that their dynamic range is centred on potassium activities within typical nutrient solution recipes. The developed sensors have been shown to exhibit a potassium activity measuring range from 0.134 to 117mM at pH 6.0. These bulk optodes show full scale response on the order of several minutes. They show minimal interference to other cations and meet worst-case selectivity requirements for potassium monitoring in the considered half strength Hoagland solution. When continuously immersed in nutrient solution, these sensors demonstrated predicable lifetimes on the order of 50h. The developed instrument for absorption-based measurements including light source, mini-spectrometer and optode probe is presented. Custom instrument control and monitoring software including a spectral normalization procedure, use of a dual-wavelength absorbance ratio technique and automatic adjustment for pH variation result in an instrument that is self-calibrating and one that can account for effects such as light source fluctuations, membrane thickness variations and a variety of other factors. The low mass, low volume nature of bulk optode sensing systems, make them a promising technology for future space-based plant production systems. Their low-cost and technology transfer potential suggest that they could provide terrestrial growers a new and reliable mechanism to obtain ion-selective knowledge of their nutrient solution, improving yields, reducing costs and aiding in compliance to continually more stringent environmental regulation.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► Potassium-selective bulk optode for hydroponic nutrient solution monitoring. ► Summary review of all published potassium bulk optodes. ► Description of developed absorption-based fibre optic instrument. ► Characterization of sensor selectivity, influence of pH/temperature, lifetime, etc. ► Overview of specific space-based and terrestrial technology transfer benefits.
A generic approach for expanding homolog-targeted residue screening of sulfonamides using a fast matrix separation and class-specific fragmentation-dependent acquisition with a hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Chunlin Huang, Bin Guo, Xiaoying Wang, Jie Li, Weitao Zhu, Bo Chen, Shan Ouyang, Shouzhuo Yao
A generic and efficient homolog-targeted approach was used to expand screening and detection of target class of sulfonamides and structural analogs, based on a fast single-tube extraction/partitioning-multifunction adsorption cleanup (SEP/MAC) for class-specific fragmentation-dependent acquisition with a liquid chromatography–hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC–QqLIT). By combining the two-stage process conducted in a single tube as one-pot protocol, the straightforward SEP/MAC procedure was optimized to offer clean extracts with reasonable recovery (71–109% with RSDs<20%) and decreased matrix interferences (−9 to 19%) of multiresidual sulfonamide extraction from different tissue samples. The novel use of neutral loss scan of 66Da (NLS) or precursor ion scanning of m/z 108 (PreS) in positive ion mode was found to achieve more comprehensive coverage of protonated molecular ions of a wide array of sulfonamides including N4-acetyl and hydroxylamine metabolites plus their possible dimers. Moreover, the PreS-triggered automatically enhanced product ion spectral acquisition enabled simultaneous screening, profiling and confirmation of an unlimited number of analytes belonging to the sulfonamide class within a single analysis. The validation and application results of the generic SEP/MAC-based LC–QqLIT strategy consistently demonstrated favorable performances with acceptable accuracy (67–116%), precision (RSDs<25%), and sensitivity (LOQs≤7.5ngg−1) to meet the acceptance criteria for all the sulfonamide–tissue combinations. Thus, the integration of the matrix-independent SEP/MAC procedure and the multiparameter matching algorithm with the unit-resolution LC–QqLIT instrument can serve as a valuable semi-targeted discovery strategy for rapid screening and reliable quantitative/confirmatory analysis of real samples.
► Generic homolog-targeted screening approach for multi-residual sulfonamide analogs. ► Single-tube extraction/partitioning-multifunction adsorption cleanup for direct injection. ► Class-specific fragmentation for expanding coverage of N4-acetyl and NOH metabolites. ► PreS–IDA–EPI in LC–QqLIT for simultaneous screening and confirmation of real samples.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Chunlin Huang, Bin Guo, Xiaoying Wang, Jie Li, Weitao Zhu, Bo Chen, Shan Ouyang, Shouzhuo Yao
A generic and efficient homolog-targeted approach was used to expand screening and detection of target class of sulfonamides and structural analogs, based on a fast single-tube extraction/partitioning-multifunction adsorption cleanup (SEP/MAC) for class-specific fragmentation-dependent acquisition with a liquid chromatography–hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC–QqLIT). By combining the two-stage process conducted in a single tube as one-pot protocol, the straightforward SEP/MAC procedure was optimized to offer clean extracts with reasonable recovery (71–109% with RSDs<20%) and decreased matrix interferences (−9 to 19%) of multiresidual sulfonamide extraction from different tissue samples. The novel use of neutral loss scan of 66Da (NLS) or precursor ion scanning of m/z 108 (PreS) in positive ion mode was found to achieve more comprehensive coverage of protonated molecular ions of a wide array of sulfonamides including N4-acetyl and hydroxylamine metabolites plus their possible dimers. Moreover, the PreS-triggered automatically enhanced product ion spectral acquisition enabled simultaneous screening, profiling and confirmation of an unlimited number of analytes belonging to the sulfonamide class within a single analysis. The validation and application results of the generic SEP/MAC-based LC–QqLIT strategy consistently demonstrated favorable performances with acceptable accuracy (67–116%), precision (RSDs<25%), and sensitivity (LOQs≤7.5ngg−1) to meet the acceptance criteria for all the sulfonamide–tissue combinations. Thus, the integration of the matrix-independent SEP/MAC procedure and the multiparameter matching algorithm with the unit-resolution LC–QqLIT instrument can serve as a valuable semi-targeted discovery strategy for rapid screening and reliable quantitative/confirmatory analysis of real samples.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► Generic homolog-targeted screening approach for multi-residual sulfonamide analogs. ► Single-tube extraction/partitioning-multifunction adsorption cleanup for direct injection. ► Class-specific fragmentation for expanding coverage of N4-acetyl and NOH metabolites. ► PreS–IDA–EPI in LC–QqLIT for simultaneous screening and confirmation of real samples.
Analysis of four alkaloids of Coptis chinensis in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Lihong Liu, Zilin Chen
A sensitive and precise high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrochemical detection (ECD) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of four isoquinoline alkaloids including berberine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine and palmatine in Chinese medicine Coptis chinensis. The typical HPLC analysis was performed on WondaSil® C18-WR column (250×4.6mm, 5μm) with the mobile phase comprising 40mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)–acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) at the flow rate of 0.8mLmin−1. The electrochemical detection employed a three electrode system with a bare glassy carbon electrode at +1.3V versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The limits of detection (LODs) of four alkaloids ranged from 0.01 to 0.03μmolL−1 and the LOD of berberine was 80 times lower than LOD obtained by UV detection. The rat plasma samples were assayed after oral administration of the traditional Chinese medicine Coptis chinensis by the proposed HPLC-ECD method. The recoveries of this method were ranging from 88.0 to 116%, with the relative standard deviation lower than 3.1% for intra-day precision and 5.7% for inter-day precision. These results show that HPLC-ECD is a useful tool for the quality control of herbal medicine Coptis chinensis and also for pharmacokinetic studies.
► Sensitive and precise HPLC method with electrochemical detection. ► Simultaneous determination of four alkaloids in Rhizoma Coptidis by LC-ECD. ► Highly sensitive analysis of jatrorrhizine, coptisine, palmatine and berberine in rat plasma after oral administration. ► Elimination of interference from endogenous components.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Lihong Liu, Zilin Chen
A sensitive and precise high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrochemical detection (ECD) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of four isoquinoline alkaloids including berberine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine and palmatine in Chinese medicine Coptis chinensis. The typical HPLC analysis was performed on WondaSil® C18-WR column (250×4.6mm, 5μm) with the mobile phase comprising 40mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)–acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) at the flow rate of 0.8mLmin−1. The electrochemical detection employed a three electrode system with a bare glassy carbon electrode at +1.3V versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The limits of detection (LODs) of four alkaloids ranged from 0.01 to 0.03μmolL−1 and the LOD of berberine was 80 times lower than LOD obtained by UV detection. The rat plasma samples were assayed after oral administration of the traditional Chinese medicine Coptis chinensis by the proposed HPLC-ECD method. The recoveries of this method were ranging from 88.0 to 116%, with the relative standard deviation lower than 3.1% for intra-day precision and 5.7% for inter-day precision. These results show that HPLC-ECD is a useful tool for the quality control of herbal medicine Coptis chinensis and also for pharmacokinetic studies.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► Sensitive and precise HPLC method with electrochemical detection. ► Simultaneous determination of four alkaloids in Rhizoma Coptidis by LC-ECD. ► Highly sensitive analysis of jatrorrhizine, coptisine, palmatine and berberine in rat plasma after oral administration. ► Elimination of interference from endogenous components.
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
Jeongwook Lee, Juhee Lee, Taek Dong Chung, Woon-Seok Yeo
This paper reports on analyses of small molecules with laser desorption/ionization time of flight (LDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) using nanostructure-embedded micro gold shells (μAuSs). The mass analyses of amino acids, sugars, peptides, and their mixtures gave apparent mass peaks for analytes without any significant background interferences. μAuSs afforded a better limit of detection (LOD) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio than gold nanoparticles, which are commonly used for LDI-TOF analysis of small molecules. We believe μAuSs have advantages in terms of simplicity, detection limit, and reproducibility, and therefore, they constitute a significant addition to the organic matrix-free analytical tools that are currently in wide use.
► Micro gold shells with embossed nanostructures were used for desorption/ionization of analytes. ► This micro gold shell gave the clear MS spectra without any background interference. ► It afforded the better sensitivity and higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to AuNPs.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
Jeongwook Lee, Juhee Lee, Taek Dong Chung, Woon-Seok Yeo
This paper reports on analyses of small molecules with laser desorption/ionization time of flight (LDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) using nanostructure-embedded micro gold shells (μAuSs). The mass analyses of amino acids, sugars, peptides, and their mixtures gave apparent mass peaks for analytes without any significant background interferences. μAuSs afforded a better limit of detection (LOD) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio than gold nanoparticles, which are commonly used for LDI-TOF analysis of small molecules. We believe μAuSs have advantages in terms of simplicity, detection limit, and reproducibility, and therefore, they constitute a significant addition to the organic matrix-free analytical tools that are currently in wide use.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► Micro gold shells with embossed nanostructures were used for desorption/ionization of analytes. ► This micro gold shell gave the clear MS spectra without any background interference. ► It afforded the better sensitivity and higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to AuNPs.
Overview of extraction, clean-up and detection techniques for the determination of organic pollutants in sewage sludge: A review
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
O. Zuloaga, P. Navarro, E. Bizkarguenaga, A. Iparraguirre, A. Vallejo, M. Olivares, A. Prieto
Priority pollutants constitute only a part of the large chemical pollution puzzle where the number of potentially hazardous chemicals that reaches the environment is very wide and new substances are constantly being developed and released. Among them, a diverse group of unregulated pollutants, many times called “emerging” contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), is found. This group of emerging contaminants constitutes a broad class of chemicals widely used in daily life, such as synthetic fragrances, UV filters, antiseptics, antioxidants and insect repellents. The large amount of them and other emerging contaminants consumed in modern society contribute as well to a wide range of contamination in the aquatic environment, introduced mainly through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The agricultural application of sewage sludge has become the most widespread method for its disposal, since it is the most economical outlet for sludge and offers the opportunity to recycle plant nutrients and organic matter to soil for crop production. However, due to the presence of metals, organic contaminants and pathogenic bacteria in sewage sludge, concern has increased about the human exposure to priority and emerging pollutants via crops cultivated in sewage/compost-amended soils. Because of the potentially dangerous consequences of the presence of those contaminants in the environment, data concerning the concentration, fate and behavior of those pollutants is urgently necessary. With this purpose in mind, sensitive and robust analytical methods for complex matrices such as sewage sludge are necessary in order to obtain reliable data that help us to understand the risk of agricultural use of sewage sludge. The present manuscript reviews the different approaches present in the literature for determining organic pollutants (priority and emerging) in sewage sludge. A review of the last ten years has been performed and the three main steps of an analytical procedure (extraction, clean-up and analysis) have been reviewed.
► A peer-review literature on the analysis of organics in sludge is presented. ► Both priority and emerging pollutants were detected in sludge samples. ► Current state-of-the-art is discussed involving extraction, clean-up and analysis. ► Classical techniques represent high percentages of the papers of organics in sludge. ► PLE represents more than a half of the total manuscripts using novel techniques.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
O. Zuloaga, P. Navarro, E. Bizkarguenaga, A. Iparraguirre, A. Vallejo, M. Olivares, A. Prieto
Priority pollutants constitute only a part of the large chemical pollution puzzle where the number of potentially hazardous chemicals that reaches the environment is very wide and new substances are constantly being developed and released. Among them, a diverse group of unregulated pollutants, many times called “emerging” contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), is found. This group of emerging contaminants constitutes a broad class of chemicals widely used in daily life, such as synthetic fragrances, UV filters, antiseptics, antioxidants and insect repellents. The large amount of them and other emerging contaminants consumed in modern society contribute as well to a wide range of contamination in the aquatic environment, introduced mainly through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The agricultural application of sewage sludge has become the most widespread method for its disposal, since it is the most economical outlet for sludge and offers the opportunity to recycle plant nutrients and organic matter to soil for crop production. However, due to the presence of metals, organic contaminants and pathogenic bacteria in sewage sludge, concern has increased about the human exposure to priority and emerging pollutants via crops cultivated in sewage/compost-amended soils. Because of the potentially dangerous consequences of the presence of those contaminants in the environment, data concerning the concentration, fate and behavior of those pollutants is urgently necessary. With this purpose in mind, sensitive and robust analytical methods for complex matrices such as sewage sludge are necessary in order to obtain reliable data that help us to understand the risk of agricultural use of sewage sludge. The present manuscript reviews the different approaches present in the literature for determining organic pollutants (priority and emerging) in sewage sludge. A review of the last ten years has been performed and the three main steps of an analytical procedure (extraction, clean-up and analysis) have been reviewed.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► A peer-review literature on the analysis of organics in sludge is presented. ► Both priority and emerging pollutants were detected in sludge samples. ► Current state-of-the-art is discussed involving extraction, clean-up and analysis. ► Classical techniques represent high percentages of the papers of organics in sludge. ► PLE represents more than a half of the total manuscripts using novel techniques.
Determination of oil reservoir radiotracer (S14CN−) in a single step using a plastic scintillator extractive resin
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
H. Bagán, A. Tarancón, L. Stavsetra, G. Rauret, J.F. García
The analysis of radiotracers is important in the study of oil reservoir dynamics. One of the most widely used radiotracer is S14CN−. Prior to activity measurements by Liquid Scintillation (LS), routine determinations require the pretreatment steps of purification and concentration of the samples using anion exchange columns. The final elution media produces samples with high salt concentration that may lead to problems with phase separation during the LS measurement. Plastic Scintillation (PS) is an alternative technique that provides a solid surface that can be used as a platform for the immobilisation of selective extractants to obtain a PS resin. The proposed procedure unifies chemical separation and sample measurement preparation in a single step, serving to reduce the number of reagents needed and manpower required for the analysis while also avoiding mixed waste production by LS. The objective of this study is to develop a PS resin for the determination of 14C-labelled thiocyanate radiotracer in water samples. For this purpose, the immobilisation procedure was optimised, including optimisation of the proportion of PS microspheres:extractant and the use of a control blank to monitor the PS resin immobilisation process. The breakthrough volume was studied and the detection and quantification limits for 100mL of sample were determined to be 0.08BqL−1 and 0.31BqL−1, respectively. The established procedure was applied to active samples from oil reservoirs and errors lower than 5% in the sample determinations were obtained.
► A new procedure for S14CN− radiotracer determination using PS resin was established. ► The minimum detectable activity for a 100mL sample is 0.08BqL−1. ► The minimum quantifiable activity for a 100mL sample is 0.31BqL−1. ► PS resin is capable to quantify S14CN− radiotracer samples with errors lower than 5%. ► PS resin is also capable to quantify complex matrices obtained from oil reservoirs.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
H. Bagán, A. Tarancón, L. Stavsetra, G. Rauret, J.F. García
The analysis of radiotracers is important in the study of oil reservoir dynamics. One of the most widely used radiotracer is S14CN−. Prior to activity measurements by Liquid Scintillation (LS), routine determinations require the pretreatment steps of purification and concentration of the samples using anion exchange columns. The final elution media produces samples with high salt concentration that may lead to problems with phase separation during the LS measurement. Plastic Scintillation (PS) is an alternative technique that provides a solid surface that can be used as a platform for the immobilisation of selective extractants to obtain a PS resin. The proposed procedure unifies chemical separation and sample measurement preparation in a single step, serving to reduce the number of reagents needed and manpower required for the analysis while also avoiding mixed waste production by LS. The objective of this study is to develop a PS resin for the determination of 14C-labelled thiocyanate radiotracer in water samples. For this purpose, the immobilisation procedure was optimised, including optimisation of the proportion of PS microspheres:extractant and the use of a control blank to monitor the PS resin immobilisation process. The breakthrough volume was studied and the detection and quantification limits for 100mL of sample were determined to be 0.08BqL−1 and 0.31BqL−1, respectively. The established procedure was applied to active samples from oil reservoirs and errors lower than 5% in the sample determinations were obtained.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
.► A new procedure for S14CN− radiotracer determination using PS resin was established. ► The minimum detectable activity for a 100mL sample is 0.08BqL−1. ► The minimum quantifiable activity for a 100mL sample is 0.31BqL−1. ► PS resin is capable to quantify S14CN− radiotracer samples with errors lower than 5%. ► PS resin is also capable to quantify complex matrices obtained from oil reservoirs.
Principal component and Tucker3 analyses of high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection fingerprints of crude extracts of Erythrina speciosa Andrews leaves
05 July 2012,
08:43:25
Publication year:
2012
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
Patricia Kaori Soares, Roy Edward Bruns, Ieda Spacino Scarminio
Mixtures of ethanol, dichloromethane, hexane and acetone obtained according to a statistical design have been used to extract substances from Erythrina speciosa Andrew leaves for chromatographic fingerprinting. The plant extracts from each mixture were analyzed by HPLC-DAD providing UV–vis spectra for each chromatographic peak. These chromatograms and spectra for the design mixtures were then treated with principal component (PCA), Tucker3 and PARAFAC analyses. PCA indicated the existence of five different chromatographic fingerprints for the leave extracts depending on the solvent mixture composition. Different chromatographic peak areas were strongly correlated with the mixture proportions of acetone, dichloromethane and ethanol. Tucker3 and PARAFAC analyses were very useful for identifying simultaneous correlations between chromatographic peak areas, spectral band absorbances and solvent proportions. The acetone proportion was highly correlated with the area of the 3.69min retention time peak and the spectral absorbances between 250 and 260nm, consistent with the presence of natural polyphenols. The dichloromethane mixture proportion was strongly correlated with the 12.19min chromatographic peak area and a single spectral absorbance at 201nm. This spectral absorption is characteristic of the electronic structures of terpenes and alkaloids.
► Simultaneous chromatographic, spectroscopic and mixture proportion correlations. ► Tucker3 analysis of chromatographic, spectral and solvent mixture proportions. ► HPLC-DAD spectral characterization of chromatographic peaks.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
Patricia Kaori Soares, Roy Edward Bruns, Ieda Spacino Scarminio
Mixtures of ethanol, dichloromethane, hexane and acetone obtained according to a statistical design have been used to extract substances from Erythrina speciosa Andrew leaves for chromatographic fingerprinting. The plant extracts from each mixture were analyzed by HPLC-DAD providing UV–vis spectra for each chromatographic peak. These chromatograms and spectra for the design mixtures were then treated with principal component (PCA), Tucker3 and PARAFAC analyses. PCA indicated the existence of five different chromatographic fingerprints for the leave extracts depending on the solvent mixture composition. Different chromatographic peak areas were strongly correlated with the mixture proportions of acetone, dichloromethane and ethanol. Tucker3 and PARAFAC analyses were very useful for identifying simultaneous correlations between chromatographic peak areas, spectral band absorbances and solvent proportions. The acetone proportion was highly correlated with the area of the 3.69min retention time peak and the spectral absorbances between 250 and 260nm, consistent with the presence of natural polyphenols. The dichloromethane mixture proportion was strongly correlated with the 12.19min chromatographic peak area and a single spectral absorbance at 201nm. This spectral absorption is characteristic of the electronic structures of terpenes and alkaloids.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► Simultaneous chromatographic, spectroscopic and mixture proportion correlations. ► Tucker3 analysis of chromatographic, spectral and solvent mixture proportions. ► HPLC-DAD spectral characterization of chromatographic peaks.
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