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World Congress on Biosensors 2014
Biosensors 2014
Thursday, 5 July 2012
Just Published: Analytica Chimica Acta
A new issue of this journal has just
been published. To see abstracts of the papers it contains (with links through
to the full papers) click here:
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737 Sunil K. Arya, Shibu
Saha, Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick, Vinay Gupta, Shekhar Bhansali, Surinder P.
Singh Biosensors have shown great potential for health care and environmental
monitoring. The performance of biosensors depends on their components, among
which the matrix material, i.e., the layer between the recognition layer of
biomolecule and transducer, plays a crucial role in defining the stability,
sensitivity and shelf-life of a biosensor. Recently, zinc oxide (ZnO)
nanostructures and thin films have attracted much interest as materials for
biosensors due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, high isoelectric
point, electrochemical activity, high electron mobility, ease of synthesis by
diverse methods and high surface-to-volume ratio. ZnO nanostructures have shown
the binding of biomolecules in desired orientations with improved conformation
and high biological activity, resulting in enhanced sensing characteristics.
Furthermore, compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor
technology for constructing integrated circuits makes ZnO nanostructures
suitable candidate for future small integrated biosensor devices. This review
highlights recent advances in various approaches towards synthesis of ZnO
nanostructures and thin films and their applications in biosensor technology.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
ZnO nanostructures have shown
binding of biomolecules in desired orientation with improved conformation and
high biological activity, resulting in enhanced sensing characteristics.
Furthermore, their compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor
technology for constructing integrated circuits makes them suitable candidate
for future small integrated biosensor devices. This review highlights various
approaches to synthesize ZnO nanostructures and thin films, and their
applications in biosensor technology. ► This review
highlights various approaches to synthesize ZnO nanostructures and thin films. ►
Article highlights the importance of ZnO nanostructures as biosensor matrix. ►
Article highlights the advances in various biosensors based on ZnO
nanostructures. ► Article describes the potential of ZnO based biosensor for new
generation healthcare devices.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737 Ru-Ping Liang,
Gui-Hong Yao, Li-Xia Fan, Jian-Ding Qiu Small molecules or analytes present
at low concentrations are difficult to detect directly using conventional
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques because only small changes in the
refractive index of the medium are typically induced by the binding of these
analytes. Here, we present an amplification technique using core–shell Fe3O4@Au
magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for an SPR bioassay. To evaluate this
amplification effect, a novel SPR sensor based on a sandwich immunoassay was
developed to detect α-fetoprotein (AFP) by immobilizing a primary AFP antibody
(Ab1) on the surface of a 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate/chitosan-ferrocene/Au NP
(MPS/CS-Fc/Au NP) film employing Fe3O4@Au–AFP secondary antibody conjugates
(Fe3O4@Au–Ab2) as the amplification reagent. The stepwise fabrication of the
biosensor was characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. A calibration curve of Fe3O4@Au–Ab2
conjugates amplification for AFP detection was obtained to yield a correlation
in the range of 1.0–200.0ngmL−1 with a detection limit of
0.65ngmL−1, and a significant increase in sensitivity was therefore
afforded through the use of Fe3O4@Au–Ab2 conjugates as an amplifier. This
magnetic separation and amplification strategy has great potential for the
detection of other biomolecules of interest with low interference and high
sensitivity by changing the antibody label used in the Fe3O4@Au–antibody
conjugates.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► We
report an amplification technique using Fe3O4@Au MNPs for an SPR bioassay. ►
Fe3O4@Au MNPs can function as an amplifier to increase the SPR signal. ►
Sensitive detection of AFP is achieved via the purification/amplification
protocol. ► This strategy has great potential for detecting other biomolecules
of interest.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Felipe Conzuelo,
María Gamella, Susana Campuzano, A. Julio Reviejo, José M. Pingarrón
The
preparation and performance of a disposable amperometric magneto-immunosensor,
involving the use of a selective capture antibody immobilized on the surface of
protein G-functionalized magnetic beads (ProtG-MBs) and screen-printed carbon
electrodes (SPCEs), for the specific detection and quantification of
tetracyclines (TCs) residues in milk is reported. A direct competitive
immunoassay using a tracer with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the enzymatic
labeling was performed. The amperometric response measured at −0.2V vs. the
silver pseudo-reference electrode of the SPCE upon the addition of H2O2 in the
presence of hydroquinone (HQ) as redox mediator was used as transduction signal.
The developed methodology showed very low limits of detection (in the low ppb
level) for 4 tetracycline antibiotics tested in untreated milk samples, and a
good selectivity against other antibiotic residues frequently detected in milk
and dairy products. The usefulness of the magneto-immunosensor was demonstrated
by analyzing UHT whole milk samples spiked with 44ngmL−1 tetracycline
(TC) as well as a reference milk containing a certified oxytetracycline (OTC)
content. These features, together with the short analysis time (30min), the
simplicity, and easy automation and miniaturization of the required
instrumentation make the developed methodology a promising alternative in the
development of devices for on-site analysis.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
First disposable amperometric magnetoimmunosensor for detection of TCs in milk.
► Immunosensor with great sensitivity and broad specificity for TCs detection. ►
LODs achieved for all the TCs tested below the MRLs. ► Useful and affordable
alternative to classical assays for TCs’ detection.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Aamer Abbas, Mats
Josefson, Göran M. Nylund, Henrik Pavia, Katarina Abrahamsson
Surface
enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with transposed Orthogonal Partial Least
Squares (T-OPLS) was shown to produce chemical images of the natural
antibacterial surface-active compound 1,1,3,3-tetrabromo-2-heptanone (TBH) on
Bonnemaisonia hamifera. The use of gold colloids functionalised with the
internal standard 4-mercapto-benzonitrile (MBN) made it possible to create
images of the relative concentration of TBH over the surfaces. A gradient of TBH
could be mapped over and in the close vicinity of the B. hamifera algal vesicles
at the attomol/pixel level. T-OPLS produced a measure of the spectral
correlation for each pixel of the hyperspectral images whilst not including
spectral variation that was linearly independent of the target spectrum. In this
paper we show the possibility to retrieve specific spectral information with a
low magnitude in a complex matrix.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
T-OPLS imaging. ► Chemical images of algal antibacterial agent. ► Mapping by
SERS with internal standard.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Annia H. Kycia,
Mansoor Vezvaie, Vlad Zamlynny, Jacek Lipkowski, Michael W.P.
Petryk
Polarization modulation-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy
(PM-IRRAS) was employed to detect the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant
triethyl phosphate (TEP) on gold, as well as on US military paint, i.e.,
chemical agent resistant coating (CARC). The targeted CWAs (G and V-series nerve
agents) are characterized by phosphoric group vibrations present in the
1200cm−1 region. TEP displays two prominent peaks at
1268cm−1 and 1036cm−1 corresponding to PO and (P)OC
vibrations, respectively. A droplet of TEP solution in cyclohexane was deposited
on gold and CARC substrates and after solvent evaporation PM-IRRAS spectra were
collected in the 1200cm−1 region. The integrated peak area of the PO
and (P)OC vibrations was used to construct calibration curves and to determine
the experimental limit of detection (LoD). In the case of gold as the substrate
the estimated LoD of ∼0.48μg and 1.23μg was obtained for the PO and (P)OC
vibrations, respectively. In the case of CARC, a LoD of 24μg was determined.
These detection limits are at least 3 orders of magnitude lower than the typical
lethal dose of G and V-series nerve agents, demonstrating potential of PM-IRRAS
for non-contact detection of these CWAs.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
PM-IRRAS was employed to detect the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant
triethyl phosphate. ► The targeted CWAs (G and V-series nerve agents) are
characterized by phosphoric group vibrations. ► The PO and (P)OC bands were used
to determine the experimental limit of detection (LoD). ► The estimated LoD is
300 times lower than the typical lethal dose of G and V-series nerve agents. ►
PM-IRRAS shows promise as a technology of an optically-based system for
non-contact detection of persistent CWAs.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Ta-Jen Li, Chia-Yu
Lin, A. Balamurugan, Chung-Wei Kung, Jen-Yuan Wang, Chih-Wei Hu, Chun-Chieh
Wang, Po-Yen Chen, R. Vittal, Kuo-Chuan Ho
A modified glassy carbon electrode
was prepared by depositing a composite of polymer and mediator on a glassy
carbon electrode (GCE). The mediator, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the
polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were electrochemically
deposited as a composite on the GCE by applying cyclic voltammetry (CV). This
modified electrode is hereafter designated as GCE/PEDOT/FAD. FAD was found to
significantly enhance the growth of PEDOT. Electrochemical quartz crystal
microbalance (EQCM) analysis was performed to study the mass changes in the
electrode during the electrodeposition of PEDOT, with and without the addition
of FAD. The optimal cycle number for preparing the modified electrode was
determined to be 9, and the corresponding surface coverage of FAD (Γ FAD) was
ca. 5.11×10−10 molcm−2. The amperometric detection of
iodate was performed in a 100mM buffer solution (pH 1.5). The GCE/PEDOT/FAD
showed a sensitivity of 0.78μAμM−1 cm−2, a linear range of
4–140μM, and a limit of detection of 0.16μM for iodate. The interference effects
of 250-fold Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+,
Fe2+, Cl−, NO3 −, I−, SO4
2− and SO3 2−, with reference to the concentration of
iodate were negligible. The long-term stability of GCE/PEDOT/FAD was also
investigated. The GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode retained 82% of its initial
amperometric response to iodate after 7 days. The GCE/PEDOT/FAD was also applied
to determine iodate in a commercial salt.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
FAD and PEDOT are combined to modify the glassy carbon electrode for IO3
− sensing. ► The doping of FAD into PEDOT matrix can almost be viewed
as an irreversible process. ► The optimal cycle number for preparing the
GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode is found to be 9. ► The detection limit of the
GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode for IO3 − is found to be 0.16μM. ► The
GCE/PEDOT/FAD electrode possesses enough selectivity toward IO3
−.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
H. Kebiche, D.
Debarnot, A. Merzouki, F. Poncin-Epaillard, N. Haddaoui
The ammonia
absorption properties of polyaniline nanostructures are studied in terms of
sensitivity, response and recovery times and stability. These characteristics
are obtained by measuring, at room temperature, the absorbance variations at
632nm. The nanostructures are synthesized either by interfacial or rapid or
dropwise polymerizations with the oxidant-to-monomer mole ratio equals to 0.5 or
1. The influence of the deposition method (in-situ or drop-coating technique) as
well as the nature of the dopant (HCl, CSA or I2) on the gas detection
properties are also studied. The results show a strong dependence of the
morphology on the deposition method, the in-situ technique leads to the best
sensitivity and response time. For this deposition method, the nanostructures
sensitivity, response time and regeneration rate depend on the synthesis method,
the dopant and the mole ratio. The ageing effect after 8 months under ambient
conditions and the mechanism of interaction between the polyaniline
nanostructures and ammonia molecules are also presented.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
. ►
Dependence of nanostructure morphology on the deposition process. ► Interest of
nanostructures for gas detection compared to conventional polyaniline. ►
Importance of a high surface area on the improved gas sensor performances. ►
Better performances of nanostructures synthesized by rapid mixing
polymerization. ► Better stability of CSA-doped polyaniline.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Matthew Bamsey,
Alain Berinstain, Michael Dixon
Highly efficient and reliable plant growth
such as that required in biological life support systems for future space-based
missions can be better achieved with knowledge of ion concentrations within the
hydroponic nutrient solution. This paper reports on the development and
application of ion-selective bulk optodes to plant growth systems. Membranes for
potassium-selective sensing are reported that have been tailored so that their
dynamic range is centred on potassium activities within typical nutrient
solution recipes. The developed sensors have been shown to exhibit a potassium
activity measuring range from 0.134 to 117mM at pH 6.0. These bulk optodes show
full scale response on the order of several minutes. They show minimal
interference to other cations and meet worst-case selectivity requirements for
potassium monitoring in the considered half strength Hoagland solution. When
continuously immersed in nutrient solution, these sensors demonstrated
predicable lifetimes on the order of 50h. The developed instrument for
absorption-based measurements including light source, mini-spectrometer and
optode probe is presented. Custom instrument control and monitoring software
including a spectral normalization procedure, use of a dual-wavelength
absorbance ratio technique and automatic adjustment for pH variation result in
an instrument that is self-calibrating and one that can account for effects such
as light source fluctuations, membrane thickness variations and a variety of
other factors. The low mass, low volume nature of bulk optode sensing systems,
make them a promising technology for future space-based plant production
systems. Their low-cost and technology transfer potential suggest that they
could provide terrestrial growers a new and reliable mechanism to obtain
ion-selective knowledge of their nutrient solution, improving yields, reducing
costs and aiding in compliance to continually more stringent environmental
regulation.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
Potassium-selective bulk optode for hydroponic nutrient solution monitoring. ►
Summary review of all published potassium bulk optodes. ► Description of
developed absorption-based fibre optic instrument. ► Characterization of sensor
selectivity, influence of pH/temperature, lifetime, etc. ► Overview of specific
space-based and terrestrial technology transfer benefits.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Chunlin Huang, Bin
Guo, Xiaoying Wang, Jie Li, Weitao Zhu, Bo Chen, Shan Ouyang, Shouzhuo Yao
A
generic and efficient homolog-targeted approach was used to expand screening and
detection of target class of sulfonamides and structural analogs, based on a
fast single-tube extraction/partitioning-multifunction adsorption cleanup
(SEP/MAC) for class-specific fragmentation-dependent acquisition with a liquid
chromatography–hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer
(LC–QqLIT). By combining the two-stage process conducted in a single tube as
one-pot protocol, the straightforward SEP/MAC procedure was optimized to offer
clean extracts with reasonable recovery (71–109% with RSDs<20%) and decreased
matrix interferences (−9 to 19%) of multiresidual sulfonamide extraction from
different tissue samples. The novel use of neutral loss scan of 66Da (NLS) or
precursor ion scanning of m/z 108 (PreS) in positive ion mode was found to
achieve more comprehensive coverage of protonated molecular ions of a wide array
of sulfonamides including N4-acetyl and hydroxylamine metabolites
plus their possible dimers. Moreover, the PreS-triggered automatically enhanced
product ion spectral acquisition enabled simultaneous screening, profiling and
confirmation of an unlimited number of analytes belonging to the sulfonamide
class within a single analysis. The validation and application results of the
generic SEP/MAC-based LC–QqLIT strategy consistently demonstrated favorable
performances with acceptable accuracy (67–116%), precision (RSDs<25%), and
sensitivity (LOQs≤7.5ngg−1) to meet the acceptance criteria for all
the sulfonamide–tissue combinations. Thus, the integration of the
matrix-independent SEP/MAC procedure and the multiparameter matching algorithm
with the unit-resolution LC–QqLIT instrument can serve as a valuable
semi-targeted discovery strategy for rapid screening and reliable
quantitative/confirmatory analysis of real samples.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
Generic homolog-targeted screening approach for multi-residual sulfonamide
analogs. ► Single-tube extraction/partitioning-multifunction adsorption cleanup
for direct injection. ► Class-specific fragmentation for expanding coverage of
N4-acetyl and NOH metabolites. ► PreS–IDA–EPI in LC–QqLIT for
simultaneous screening and confirmation of real samples.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 737
Lihong Liu, Zilin
Chen
A sensitive and precise high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC)-electrochemical detection (ECD) method has been developed for the
simultaneous determination of four isoquinoline alkaloids including berberine,
jatrorrhizine, coptisine and palmatine in Chinese medicine Coptis chinensis. The
typical HPLC analysis was performed on WondaSil® C18-WR column
(250×4.6mm, 5μm) with the mobile phase comprising 40mM phosphate buffer (pH
7.0)–acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) at the flow rate of 0.8mLmin−1. The
electrochemical detection employed a three electrode system with a bare glassy
carbon electrode at +1.3V versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The limits of
detection (LODs) of four alkaloids ranged from 0.01 to 0.03μmolL−1
and the LOD of berberine was 80 times lower than LOD obtained by UV detection.
The rat plasma samples were assayed after oral administration of the traditional
Chinese medicine Coptis chinensis by the proposed HPLC-ECD method. The
recoveries of this method were ranging from 88.0 to 116%, with the relative
standard deviation lower than 3.1% for intra-day precision and 5.7% for
inter-day precision. These results show that HPLC-ECD is a useful tool for the
quality control of herbal medicine Coptis chinensis and also for pharmacokinetic
studies.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
Sensitive and precise HPLC method with electrochemical detection. ► Simultaneous
determination of four alkaloids in Rhizoma Coptidis by LC-ECD. ► Highly
sensitive analysis of jatrorrhizine, coptisine, palmatine and berberine in rat
plasma after oral administration. ► Elimination of interference from endogenous
components.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
Jeongwook Lee, Juhee
Lee, Taek Dong Chung, Woon-Seok Yeo
This paper reports on analyses of small
molecules with laser desorption/ionization time of flight (LDI-TOF) mass
spectrometry (MS) using nanostructure-embedded micro gold shells (μAuSs). The
mass analyses of amino acids, sugars, peptides, and their mixtures gave apparent
mass peaks for analytes without any significant background interferences. μAuSs
afforded a better limit of detection (LOD) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio
than gold nanoparticles, which are commonly used for LDI-TOF analysis of small
molecules. We believe μAuSs have advantages in terms of simplicity, detection
limit, and reproducibility, and therefore, they constitute a significant
addition to the organic matrix-free analytical tools that are currently in wide
use.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
Micro gold shells with embossed nanostructures were used for
desorption/ionization of analytes. ► This micro gold shell gave the clear MS
spectra without any background interference. ► It afforded the better
sensitivity and higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to AuNPs.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
O. Zuloaga, P.
Navarro, E. Bizkarguenaga, A. Iparraguirre, A. Vallejo, M. Olivares, A.
Prieto
Priority pollutants constitute only a part of the large chemical
pollution puzzle where the number of potentially hazardous chemicals that
reaches the environment is very wide and new substances are constantly being
developed and released. Among them, a diverse group of unregulated pollutants,
many times called “emerging” contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and
personal care products (PPCPs), is found. This group of emerging contaminants
constitutes a broad class of chemicals widely used in daily life, such as
synthetic fragrances, UV filters, antiseptics, antioxidants and insect
repellents. The large amount of them and other emerging contaminants consumed in
modern society contribute as well to a wide range of contamination in the
aquatic environment, introduced mainly through wastewater treatment plants
(WWTPs). The agricultural application of sewage sludge has become the most
widespread method for its disposal, since it is the most economical outlet for
sludge and offers the opportunity to recycle plant nutrients and organic matter
to soil for crop production. However, due to the presence of metals, organic
contaminants and pathogenic bacteria in sewage sludge, concern has increased
about the human exposure to priority and emerging pollutants via crops
cultivated in sewage/compost-amended soils. Because of the potentially dangerous
consequences of the presence of those contaminants in the environment, data
concerning the concentration, fate and behavior of those pollutants is urgently
necessary. With this purpose in mind, sensitive and robust analytical methods
for complex matrices such as sewage sludge are necessary in order to obtain
reliable data that help us to understand the risk of agricultural use of sewage
sludge. The present manuscript reviews the different approaches present in the
literature for determining organic pollutants (priority and emerging) in sewage
sludge. A review of the last ten years has been performed and the three main
steps of an analytical procedure (extraction, clean-up and analysis) have been
reviewed.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
► A
peer-review literature on the analysis of organics in sludge is presented. ►
Both priority and emerging pollutants were detected in sludge samples. ► Current
state-of-the-art is discussed involving extraction, clean-up and analysis. ►
Classical techniques represent high percentages of the papers of organics in
sludge. ► PLE represents more than a half of the total manuscripts using novel
techniques.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
H. Bagán, A.
Tarancón, L. Stavsetra, G. Rauret, J.F. García
The analysis of radiotracers
is important in the study of oil reservoir dynamics. One of the most widely used
radiotracer is S14CN−. Prior to activity measurements by
Liquid Scintillation (LS), routine determinations require the pretreatment steps
of purification and concentration of the samples using anion exchange columns.
The final elution media produces samples with high salt concentration that may
lead to problems with phase separation during the LS measurement. Plastic
Scintillation (PS) is an alternative technique that provides a solid surface
that can be used as a platform for the immobilisation of selective extractants
to obtain a PS resin. The proposed procedure unifies chemical separation and
sample measurement preparation in a single step, serving to reduce the number of
reagents needed and manpower required for the analysis while also avoiding mixed
waste production by LS. The objective of this study is to develop a PS resin for
the determination of 14C-labelled thiocyanate radiotracer in water
samples. For this purpose, the immobilisation procedure was optimised, including
optimisation of the proportion of PS microspheres:extractant and the use of a
control blank to monitor the PS resin immobilisation process. The breakthrough
volume was studied and the detection and quantification limits for 100mL of
sample were determined to be 0.08BqL−1 and 0.31BqL−1,
respectively. The established procedure was applied to active samples from oil
reservoirs and errors lower than 5% in the sample determinations were obtained.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
. ►
A new procedure for S14CN− radiotracer determination using
PS resin was established. ► The minimum detectable activity for a 100mL sample
is 0.08BqL−1. ► The minimum quantifiable activity for a 100mL sample
is 0.31BqL−1. ► PS resin is capable to quantify
S14CN− radiotracer samples with errors lower than 5%. ► PS
resin is also capable to quantify complex matrices obtained from oil
reservoirs.
Publication year:
2012 Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 736
Patricia Kaori
Soares, Roy Edward Bruns, Ieda Spacino Scarminio
Mixtures of ethanol,
dichloromethane, hexane and acetone obtained according to a statistical design
have been used to extract substances from Erythrina speciosa Andrew leaves for
chromatographic fingerprinting. The plant extracts from each mixture were
analyzed by HPLC-DAD providing UV–vis spectra for each chromatographic peak.
These chromatograms and spectra for the design mixtures were then treated with
principal component (PCA), Tucker3 and PARAFAC analyses. PCA indicated the
existence of five different chromatographic fingerprints for the leave extracts
depending on the solvent mixture composition. Different chromatographic peak
areas were strongly correlated with the mixture proportions of acetone,
dichloromethane and ethanol. Tucker3 and PARAFAC analyses were very useful for
identifying simultaneous correlations between chromatographic peak areas,
spectral band absorbances and solvent proportions. The acetone proportion was
highly correlated with the area of the 3.69min retention time peak and the
spectral absorbances between 250 and 260nm, consistent with the presence of
natural polyphenols. The dichloromethane mixture proportion was strongly
correlated with the 12.19min chromatographic peak area and a single spectral
absorbance at 201nm. This spectral absorption is characteristic of the
electronic structures of terpenes and alkaloids.
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights
►
Simultaneous chromatographic, spectroscopic and mixture proportion correlations.
► Tucker3 analysis of chromatographic, spectral and solvent mixture proportions.
► HPLC-DAD spectral characterization of chromatographic peaks.
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