A new issue of this journal has just
been published. To see abstracts of the papers it contains (with links through
to the full papers) click here:
Selected
papers from the latest issue:
Characterisation of Biomass Pyrolysis by Stepwise Product Collection and Analysis: Mallee Wood
22 July 2013,
02:59:02
Publication date: Available online 16 July
2013
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Brendan Drzezdzon , Alfons V. Larcher
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (PY-MS) have been completed on mallee woody biomass with the generated bio-oil and gases being collected and analysed. Equivalent TGA and PY-MS experiments showed that the TGA differential weight curve was similar to the combined PY-MS CO2 and CO evolution curve. To determine how the product distribution through the pyrolysis process changed with temperature, a series of stepwise temperature experiments was performed using novel isolation and characterization procedures, where the final PY-MS temperature was chosen to correspond to a specific portion of the total TGA curve. Three stepwise experiments were completed in the same fashion as the full range experiment, but where the final temperatures were 234, 330 and 587°C respectively. Analysis of the products from the low temperature Step 1 experiment showed an acetic acid-rich bio-oil and a CO2–rich gas had formed, indicative of hemicellulose decomposition. Phenols were also found to be present in this oil indicating that lignin decomposition also had occurred. The Step 2 experiment was characterised by major bio-oil generation with a full range of typical components present, indicating the decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin had occurred. The higher temperature Step 3 experiment was mainly characterised by volatiles generation which appeared to be derived from thermal decomposition reactions.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Brendan Drzezdzon , Alfons V. Larcher
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (PY-MS) have been completed on mallee woody biomass with the generated bio-oil and gases being collected and analysed. Equivalent TGA and PY-MS experiments showed that the TGA differential weight curve was similar to the combined PY-MS CO2 and CO evolution curve. To determine how the product distribution through the pyrolysis process changed with temperature, a series of stepwise temperature experiments was performed using novel isolation and characterization procedures, where the final PY-MS temperature was chosen to correspond to a specific portion of the total TGA curve. Three stepwise experiments were completed in the same fashion as the full range experiment, but where the final temperatures were 234, 330 and 587°C respectively. Analysis of the products from the low temperature Step 1 experiment showed an acetic acid-rich bio-oil and a CO2–rich gas had formed, indicative of hemicellulose decomposition. Phenols were also found to be present in this oil indicating that lignin decomposition also had occurred. The Step 2 experiment was characterised by major bio-oil generation with a full range of typical components present, indicating the decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin had occurred. The higher temperature Step 3 experiment was mainly characterised by volatiles generation which appeared to be derived from thermal decomposition reactions.
Experimental Studies on the Pyrolysis of Humins from the Acid-Catalysed Dehydration of C6-sugars
22 July 2013,
02:59:02
Publication date: Available online 16 July
2013
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): C.B. Rasrendra , M. Windt , Y. Wang , S. Adisasmito , I G.B.N. Makertihartha , E.R.H. van Eck , D. Meier , H.J. Heeres
Pyrolysis of two representative solid humin samples using pyrolysis GC-MS (300–600°C, 10 s, He atmosphere) and micro-pyrolysis (500°C, 12 s, N2 atmosphere) are reported. The humins were obtained by treatment of aqueous solutions of D-glucose and D-fructose at 180°C in the presence of sulphuric acid (0.1M) and isolated as brown solids in 20-30% yield. The products were characterised with various techniques (SEM, elemental analysis, solid state CP-NMR, FTIR). Pyrolysis GC-MS showed the presence of furanics and organic acids, though the individual components were present in minor amounts (< 1 wt%). Micro-pyrolysis yielded 30 wt% gaseous and liquid products, the remainder being a solid char. Gas-liquid yields are lower than obtained for a typical lignin sample (Kraft lignin) under similar conditions.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): C.B. Rasrendra , M. Windt , Y. Wang , S. Adisasmito , I G.B.N. Makertihartha , E.R.H. van Eck , D. Meier , H.J. Heeres
Pyrolysis of two representative solid humin samples using pyrolysis GC-MS (300–600°C, 10 s, He atmosphere) and micro-pyrolysis (500°C, 12 s, N2 atmosphere) are reported. The humins were obtained by treatment of aqueous solutions of D-glucose and D-fructose at 180°C in the presence of sulphuric acid (0.1M) and isolated as brown solids in 20-30% yield. The products were characterised with various techniques (SEM, elemental analysis, solid state CP-NMR, FTIR). Pyrolysis GC-MS showed the presence of furanics and organic acids, though the individual components were present in minor amounts (< 1 wt%). Micro-pyrolysis yielded 30 wt% gaseous and liquid products, the remainder being a solid char. Gas-liquid yields are lower than obtained for a typical lignin sample (Kraft lignin) under similar conditions.
Yields and ageing of the liquids obtained by slow pyrolysis of sorghum, switchgrass and corn stalks
22 July 2013,
02:59:02
Publication date: Available online 12 July
2013
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Mauro Cordella , Cesar Berrueco , Francesco Santarelli , Nigel Paterson , Rafael Kandiyoti , Marcos Millan
A laboratory scale reactor has been set up to pyrolyse different kinds of biomass under slow heating rates and a range of peak temperatures. Yields of solid and liquid products (i.e. char and oil) were measured allowing the effects of temperature and biomass feedstock to be determined. Small differences in char and oil yields were found between the three biomass feedstocks. Pyrolysis oil samples were collected and characterized with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ultra violet fluorescence (UV-F) and infra red (IR) spectroscopies to study their structural changes as a function of time after collection, i.e. to assess the ageing of the bio-oils. The effects of several variables on the stability of product liquids were examined: e.g. pyrolysis temperature, storage temperature, solvent addition, type of biomass feedstock. Rapid structural changes in the oil samples were found to occur within about 48h of preparation. Ageing of oils is thought to be caused by polymerisation reactions taking place in the product liquids. The positive effects on the oil stabilisation due to low storage temperatures (5°C) and the addition of a solvent (methanol or acetone) were confirmed. However, in order to stop the ageing process completely, the concentration of these solvents in the final pyrolysis oil-solvent mixture needed to be greater than 25% (w/w). At lower solvent concentrations bio-oil ageing was slowed down but could not be suppressed altogether.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Mauro Cordella , Cesar Berrueco , Francesco Santarelli , Nigel Paterson , Rafael Kandiyoti , Marcos Millan
A laboratory scale reactor has been set up to pyrolyse different kinds of biomass under slow heating rates and a range of peak temperatures. Yields of solid and liquid products (i.e. char and oil) were measured allowing the effects of temperature and biomass feedstock to be determined. Small differences in char and oil yields were found between the three biomass feedstocks. Pyrolysis oil samples were collected and characterized with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ultra violet fluorescence (UV-F) and infra red (IR) spectroscopies to study their structural changes as a function of time after collection, i.e. to assess the ageing of the bio-oils. The effects of several variables on the stability of product liquids were examined: e.g. pyrolysis temperature, storage temperature, solvent addition, type of biomass feedstock. Rapid structural changes in the oil samples were found to occur within about 48h of preparation. Ageing of oils is thought to be caused by polymerisation reactions taking place in the product liquids. The positive effects on the oil stabilisation due to low storage temperatures (5°C) and the addition of a solvent (methanol or acetone) were confirmed. However, in order to stop the ageing process completely, the concentration of these solvents in the final pyrolysis oil-solvent mixture needed to be greater than 25% (w/w). At lower solvent concentrations bio-oil ageing was slowed down but could not be suppressed altogether.
Evaluation of properties of fast pyrolysis products obtained, from Canadian waste biomass
22 July 2013,
02:59:02
Publication date: Available online 10 July
2013
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Ramin Azargohar , Kathlene L. Jacobson , Erin E. Powell , Ajay K. Dalai
Pyrolysis is known as the most common method for the conversion of waste biomass such as agricultural wastes, forest residues and animal manure to value-added products such as bio-oil and bio-char. Four types of Canadian waste biomass including wheat straw, saw dust, flax straw and poultry litter, collected in Saskatchewan (Canada), were used for fast pyrolysis process using a mobile pyrolysis unit. For each biomass, pyrolysis was performed at three different temperatures (400, 475 and 550°C) to investigate their effects on the properties of products. A comprehensive physical and chemical characterization was conducted for all biomass and pyrolysis products including bio-char, bio-oil and gas phase. Saw dust and wheat straw showed the largest cellulose and lignin contents (37.7 and 20.8wt %, respectively). Poultry litter had the highest ash content (12.3wt %). Amount of bio-oil collected from liquid product increased by an increase in the pyrolysis temperature for wheat straw and poultry litter. Total acid number of bio-oil product decreased by an increase in the pyrolysis temperature. Carbon content of bio-char was in the range of 70-81wt % which was much larger than that for original biomass. The pH for bio-chars derived from the wheat straw and poultry litter was in the range of bases. For all samples, the concentrations of CH4 and H2 in the gas phase increased with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Ramin Azargohar , Kathlene L. Jacobson , Erin E. Powell , Ajay K. Dalai
Pyrolysis is known as the most common method for the conversion of waste biomass such as agricultural wastes, forest residues and animal manure to value-added products such as bio-oil and bio-char. Four types of Canadian waste biomass including wheat straw, saw dust, flax straw and poultry litter, collected in Saskatchewan (Canada), were used for fast pyrolysis process using a mobile pyrolysis unit. For each biomass, pyrolysis was performed at three different temperatures (400, 475 and 550°C) to investigate their effects on the properties of products. A comprehensive physical and chemical characterization was conducted for all biomass and pyrolysis products including bio-char, bio-oil and gas phase. Saw dust and wheat straw showed the largest cellulose and lignin contents (37.7 and 20.8wt %, respectively). Poultry litter had the highest ash content (12.3wt %). Amount of bio-oil collected from liquid product increased by an increase in the pyrolysis temperature for wheat straw and poultry litter. Total acid number of bio-oil product decreased by an increase in the pyrolysis temperature. Carbon content of bio-char was in the range of 70-81wt % which was much larger than that for original biomass. The pH for bio-chars derived from the wheat straw and poultry litter was in the range of bases. For all samples, the concentrations of CH4 and H2 in the gas phase increased with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature.
Bio-fuel production from the catalytic pyrolysis of soybean oil over Me-Al-MCM-41 (Me=La, Ni or Fe) mesoporous materials
22 July 2013,
02:59:02
Publication date: Available online 10 July
2013
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Fengwen Yu , Longchao Gao , Weijin Wang , Guodong Zhang , Jianbing Ji
In order to obtain a fuel with properties similar to fossil fuel, the catalytic pyrolysis of soybean oil was accomplished over Me-Al-MCM-41 (Me=La, Ni or Fe) mesoporous catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Pyrolysis experiments were performed in a tubular reactor at the constant conditions of temperature 450°C, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) 6h−1 and reaction time 4h in the absence and presence of the above catalysts. The catalytic activity of the catalysts was studied on the base of the yields and composition of the pyrolysis products. All the pyrolysis products were distilled and classified into three categories according to the distillation temperature (DT) of fossil fuel. (a) Green gasoline (DT≤50°C); (b) Green diesel (50°C<DT<150°C); and (c) Tar (DT≥150°C) under vacuum of 100Pa. The liquid products were examined by Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and elemental analysis, and the tar component was analyzed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Among the catalysts, the catalyst Ni-Al-MCM-41 showed the best activity which yielded 57.9wt% bio-fuel, with 9.1wt% and 48.8wt% selectivity toward green gasoline and green diesel respectively. Some fuel properties of the diesel fraction were also tested according to the national standard methods in China (GB) and compared with the fuel specification in China. The results showed the bio-fuel obtained from the pyrolysis experiment under Ni-Al-MCM-41 has a good prospect to serve as an alternative for the traditional fossil fuel.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Fengwen Yu , Longchao Gao , Weijin Wang , Guodong Zhang , Jianbing Ji
In order to obtain a fuel with properties similar to fossil fuel, the catalytic pyrolysis of soybean oil was accomplished over Me-Al-MCM-41 (Me=La, Ni or Fe) mesoporous catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Pyrolysis experiments were performed in a tubular reactor at the constant conditions of temperature 450°C, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) 6h−1 and reaction time 4h in the absence and presence of the above catalysts. The catalytic activity of the catalysts was studied on the base of the yields and composition of the pyrolysis products. All the pyrolysis products were distilled and classified into three categories according to the distillation temperature (DT) of fossil fuel. (a) Green gasoline (DT≤50°C); (b) Green diesel (50°C<DT<150°C); and (c) Tar (DT≥150°C) under vacuum of 100Pa. The liquid products were examined by Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and elemental analysis, and the tar component was analyzed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Among the catalysts, the catalyst Ni-Al-MCM-41 showed the best activity which yielded 57.9wt% bio-fuel, with 9.1wt% and 48.8wt% selectivity toward green gasoline and green diesel respectively. Some fuel properties of the diesel fraction were also tested according to the national standard methods in China (GB) and compared with the fuel specification in China. The results showed the bio-fuel obtained from the pyrolysis experiment under Ni-Al-MCM-41 has a good prospect to serve as an alternative for the traditional fossil fuel.
Synergy in co-pyrolysis of oil shale and pine sawdust in autoclaves
22 July 2013,
02:59:02
Publication date: Available online 4 July
2013
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Ille Johannes , Laine Tiikma , Hans Luik
Synergistic effects (Δ) in low temperature co-pyrolysis of Kukersite oil shale and pine (Pinus sylvestris) sawdust were studied in autoclaves in the ranges of blend composition x i =0-1g/g, nominal temperature 360-400°C and duration 2-4hours. The value of Δ was estimated as the difference between the actual yield of pyrolysis products (gas, pyrogenetic water, subsequent extracts into hexane, benzene and tetrahydrofurane, and organic solid residue) and the additive value calculated as linearly proportional to the contributions of the individual components. The amplitude of Δ was explained basing on the stability of a new cross-compound A n B formed between the liquid and solid decomposition products of the components. An equimolar synergy reaction (n =1) was proved to result synergies in the yields of the co-pyrolysis products. The extent of synergy was quantitatively evaluated by means of positive and negative values of a new characteristic, synergy factor (δ) expressing proportionality between the synergy and product of the shares of the components in the blend (Δ = δx A x B). The maximum synergistic increase in the yield of total oil (sum of hexane and benzene extracts), by 21.6%, was revealed for x i =0.5g/g when the primary thermal decomposition of kerogen was not completed (360°C, 2h). Lack of synergy prevailed under the optimum conditions for thermobituminization (380°C, 2-4h). A decrease in the oil yield from the additive value by 9% was evident when the secondary coke formation from thermobitumen and oil took place (400°C, 2-3h).
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Ille Johannes , Laine Tiikma , Hans Luik
Synergistic effects (Δ) in low temperature co-pyrolysis of Kukersite oil shale and pine (Pinus sylvestris) sawdust were studied in autoclaves in the ranges of blend composition x i =0-1g/g, nominal temperature 360-400°C and duration 2-4hours. The value of Δ was estimated as the difference between the actual yield of pyrolysis products (gas, pyrogenetic water, subsequent extracts into hexane, benzene and tetrahydrofurane, and organic solid residue) and the additive value calculated as linearly proportional to the contributions of the individual components. The amplitude of Δ was explained basing on the stability of a new cross-compound A n B formed between the liquid and solid decomposition products of the components. An equimolar synergy reaction (n =1) was proved to result synergies in the yields of the co-pyrolysis products. The extent of synergy was quantitatively evaluated by means of positive and negative values of a new characteristic, synergy factor (δ) expressing proportionality between the synergy and product of the shares of the components in the blend (Δ = δx A x B). The maximum synergistic increase in the yield of total oil (sum of hexane and benzene extracts), by 21.6%, was revealed for x i =0.5g/g when the primary thermal decomposition of kerogen was not completed (360°C, 2h). Lack of synergy prevailed under the optimum conditions for thermobituminization (380°C, 2-4h). A decrease in the oil yield from the additive value by 9% was evident when the secondary coke formation from thermobitumen and oil took place (400°C, 2-3h).
Pyrolysis of extractive rich agroindustrial residues
22 July 2013,
02:59:02
Publication date: Available online 4 July
2013
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Michael Melzer , Joël Blin , Ammar Bensakhria , Jeremy Valette , François Broust
The sub-Saharan region of West Africa has a lack of natural resources, especially for energy producing. Agroalimentary biomasses like residues from nut processing and vegetable oil producing industries are so far unexploited concerning their potential application as fuel. This study explores the usability of cashew nut shells, jatropha and shea nut presscakes in energetic terms. In contrast to lignocellulosic biomass these residues are rich in extractives. The feedstocks were characterized in a first step upon their physical and chemical properties before they were pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric system and a tubular reactor under rapid pyrolysis conditions. This approach revealed the influence of extractives on decomposition behaviour and conversion. A detailed study of obtained pyrolysis oils showed that the extractives of cashew nut shells are not entirely cracked while vegetable oils decompose almost entirely. Jatropha oil is more unstable than shea butter. Rubber wood was chosen as a reference feedstock for further comparison with extractive rich biomasses.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Michael Melzer , Joël Blin , Ammar Bensakhria , Jeremy Valette , François Broust
The sub-Saharan region of West Africa has a lack of natural resources, especially for energy producing. Agroalimentary biomasses like residues from nut processing and vegetable oil producing industries are so far unexploited concerning their potential application as fuel. This study explores the usability of cashew nut shells, jatropha and shea nut presscakes in energetic terms. In contrast to lignocellulosic biomass these residues are rich in extractives. The feedstocks were characterized in a first step upon their physical and chemical properties before they were pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric system and a tubular reactor under rapid pyrolysis conditions. This approach revealed the influence of extractives on decomposition behaviour and conversion. A detailed study of obtained pyrolysis oils showed that the extractives of cashew nut shells are not entirely cracked while vegetable oils decompose almost entirely. Jatropha oil is more unstable than shea butter. Rubber wood was chosen as a reference feedstock for further comparison with extractive rich biomasses.
Influence of manganese, iron and pyrolusite blending on the physiochemical properties and desulfurization activities of activated carbons from walnut shell
22 July 2013,
02:59:02
Publication date: Available online 2 July
2013
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Lu Fan , Jie Chen , Jiaxiu Guo , Xia Jiang , Wenju Jiang
In this study, pyrolusite and its main metal oxide components, MnO2 and Fe2O3, were chosen to modify walnut shell-derived column activated carbon by blending method respectively. The desulfurization experiments showed that pyrolusite loaded carbons performed the best toward the removal of SO2. With the optimal dosage of additives, the maximum sulfur capacity of activated carbon loaded by pyrolusite, MnO2 and Fe2O3 were 227.8, 157.8 and 140.6mg/g, which were 84.0, 27.5 and 13.6% higher than that of blank activated carbon, respectively. Physiochemical properties of all samples were studied by characterizing with BET, XRD, XPS and FTIR. The results indicated that the higher sulfur capacity of pyrolusite activated carbon was mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of metals mixture (manganese and iron) in pyrolusite which was conducive to the development of proper physicochemical characteristic and higher catalytic activity of activated carbon for desulfurization. It can be concluded that using pyrolusite to modify activated carbon by blending method is a low cost way for improving the sulfur capacity of activated carbon.
Source:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
Author(s): Lu Fan , Jie Chen , Jiaxiu Guo , Xia Jiang , Wenju Jiang
In this study, pyrolusite and its main metal oxide components, MnO2 and Fe2O3, were chosen to modify walnut shell-derived column activated carbon by blending method respectively. The desulfurization experiments showed that pyrolusite loaded carbons performed the best toward the removal of SO2. With the optimal dosage of additives, the maximum sulfur capacity of activated carbon loaded by pyrolusite, MnO2 and Fe2O3 were 227.8, 157.8 and 140.6mg/g, which were 84.0, 27.5 and 13.6% higher than that of blank activated carbon, respectively. Physiochemical properties of all samples were studied by characterizing with BET, XRD, XPS and FTIR. The results indicated that the higher sulfur capacity of pyrolusite activated carbon was mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of metals mixture (manganese and iron) in pyrolusite which was conducive to the development of proper physicochemical characteristic and higher catalytic activity of activated carbon for desulfurization. It can be concluded that using pyrolusite to modify activated carbon by blending method is a low cost way for improving the sulfur capacity of activated carbon.
No comments:
Post a Comment