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papers from the latest issue:
Toward decentralized analysis of mercury (II) in real samples. A critical review on nanotechnology-based methodologies
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Santiago Botasini , Gonzalo Heijo , Eduardo Méndez
In recent years, it has increased the number of works focused on the development of novel nanoparticle-based sensors for mercury detection, mainly motivated by the need of low cost portable devices capable of giving fast and reliable analytical response, thus contributing to the analytical decentralization. Methodologies employing colorimetric, fluorometric, magnetic, and electrochemical output signals allowed reaching detection limits within the pM and nM ranges. Most of these developments proved their suitability in detecting and quantifying mercury (II) ions in synthetic solutions or spiked water samples. However, the state of art in these technologies is still behind the standard methods of mercury quantification, such as cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma techniques, in terms of reliability and sensitivity. This is mainly because the response of nanoparticle-based sensors is highly affected by the sample matrix. The developed analytical nanosystems may fail in real samples because of the negative incidence of the ionic strength and the presence of exchangeable ligands. The aim of this review is to critically consider the recently published innovations in this area, and highlight the needs to include more realistic assays in future research in order to make these advances suitable for on-site analysis.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Santiago Botasini , Gonzalo Heijo , Eduardo Méndez
In recent years, it has increased the number of works focused on the development of novel nanoparticle-based sensors for mercury detection, mainly motivated by the need of low cost portable devices capable of giving fast and reliable analytical response, thus contributing to the analytical decentralization. Methodologies employing colorimetric, fluorometric, magnetic, and electrochemical output signals allowed reaching detection limits within the pM and nM ranges. Most of these developments proved their suitability in detecting and quantifying mercury (II) ions in synthetic solutions or spiked water samples. However, the state of art in these technologies is still behind the standard methods of mercury quantification, such as cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma techniques, in terms of reliability and sensitivity. This is mainly because the response of nanoparticle-based sensors is highly affected by the sample matrix. The developed analytical nanosystems may fail in real samples because of the negative incidence of the ionic strength and the presence of exchangeable ligands. The aim of this review is to critically consider the recently published innovations in this area, and highlight the needs to include more realistic assays in future research in order to make these advances suitable for on-site analysis.
Graphical abstract
Recent advances in the development of single cell analysis—A review
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Karel Klepárník , František Foret
Development of techniques for the analysis of the content of individual cells represents an important direction in modern bioanalytical chemistry. While the analysis of chromosomes, organelles, or location of selected proteins has been traditionally the domain of microscopic techniques, the advances in miniaturized analytical systems bring new possibilities for separations and detections of molecules inside the individual cells including smaller molecules such as hormones or metabolites. It should be stressed that the field of single cell analysis is very broad, covering advanced optical, electrochemical and mass spectrometry instrumentation, sensor technology and separation techniques. The number of papers published on single cell analysis has reached several hundred in recent years. Thus a complete literature coverage is beyond the limits of a journal article. The following text provides a critical overview of some of the latest developments with the main focus on mass spectrometry, microseparation methods, electrophoresis in capillaries and microfluidic devices and respective detection techniques for performing single cell analyses.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Karel Klepárník , František Foret
Development of techniques for the analysis of the content of individual cells represents an important direction in modern bioanalytical chemistry. While the analysis of chromosomes, organelles, or location of selected proteins has been traditionally the domain of microscopic techniques, the advances in miniaturized analytical systems bring new possibilities for separations and detections of molecules inside the individual cells including smaller molecules such as hormones or metabolites. It should be stressed that the field of single cell analysis is very broad, covering advanced optical, electrochemical and mass spectrometry instrumentation, sensor technology and separation techniques. The number of papers published on single cell analysis has reached several hundred in recent years. Thus a complete literature coverage is beyond the limits of a journal article. The following text provides a critical overview of some of the latest developments with the main focus on mass spectrometry, microseparation methods, electrophoresis in capillaries and microfluidic devices and respective detection techniques for performing single cell analyses.
Graphical abstract
Simultaneous detection of four biomarkers with one sensing surface based on redox probe tagging strategy
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Qiang Zhu , Yaqin Chai , Ruo Yuan , Ying Zhuo
In this paper, a simple and sensitive amperometric immunosensor for simultaneous detection of four biomarkers by using distinguishable redox-probes as signal tags was proposed for the first time. In sandwich immunoassay format, four kinds of capture antibodies (C-Ab) were immobilized by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) electro-deposited on the surface of glass carbon electrode (GCE); four kinds of detection antibodies (D-Ab) labeled with different redox probes (including anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid (Aq), thionine (Thi), ferrocenecarboxylic acid (Fc) and tris(2,2’-bipyridine-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid) cobalt(III) (Co(bpy)3 3+)), were combined with 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid (PTCA), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and AuNPs functionalized carbon nanotubes, and served as signal tracer. When four target antigens were present, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) scan exhibited four well-resolved peaks, each peak indicated one antigen, and its intensity was quantitative correlational to the concentration of corresponding analyte. To verify the strategy, four biomarkers for diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 CA125, and CA242, were used as model analytes, the immunosensor exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity, and peak current displayed good linear relationship to logarithm concentration in the ranges from 0.016 to 15ngmL−1 for CEA; 0.008 to 10ngmL−1 for CA19-9; 0.012 to 12ngmL−1 for CA125; 0.010 to 10ngmL−1 for CA242, and low detection limits of 4.2, 2.8, 3.3 and 3.8pgmL−1, respectively.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Qiang Zhu , Yaqin Chai , Ruo Yuan , Ying Zhuo
In this paper, a simple and sensitive amperometric immunosensor for simultaneous detection of four biomarkers by using distinguishable redox-probes as signal tags was proposed for the first time. In sandwich immunoassay format, four kinds of capture antibodies (C-Ab) were immobilized by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) electro-deposited on the surface of glass carbon electrode (GCE); four kinds of detection antibodies (D-Ab) labeled with different redox probes (including anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid (Aq), thionine (Thi), ferrocenecarboxylic acid (Fc) and tris(2,2’-bipyridine-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid) cobalt(III) (Co(bpy)3 3+)), were combined with 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid (PTCA), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and AuNPs functionalized carbon nanotubes, and served as signal tracer. When four target antigens were present, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) scan exhibited four well-resolved peaks, each peak indicated one antigen, and its intensity was quantitative correlational to the concentration of corresponding analyte. To verify the strategy, four biomarkers for diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 CA125, and CA242, were used as model analytes, the immunosensor exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity, and peak current displayed good linear relationship to logarithm concentration in the ranges from 0.016 to 15ngmL−1 for CEA; 0.008 to 10ngmL−1 for CA19-9; 0.012 to 12ngmL−1 for CA125; 0.010 to 10ngmL−1 for CA242, and low detection limits of 4.2, 2.8, 3.3 and 3.8pgmL−1, respectively.
Graphical abstract
A new method for stable lead isotope extraction from seawater
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Cheryl M. Zurbrick , Céline Gallon , A. Russell Flegal
A new technique for stable lead (Pb) isotope extraction from seawater is established using Toyopearl AF-Chelate 650M® resin (Tosoh Bioscience LLC). This new method is advantageous because it is semi-automated and relatively fast; in addition it introduces a relatively low blank by minimizing the volume of chemicals used in the extraction. Subsequent analyses by HR ICP-MS have a good relative external precision (2σ) of 3.5‰ for 206Pb/207Pb, while analyses by MC-ICP-MS have a better relative external precision of 0.6‰. However, Pb sample concentrations limit MC-ICP-MS analyses to 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb. The method was validated by processing the common Pb isotope reference material NIST SRM-981 and several GEOTRACES intercalibration samples, followed by analyses by HR ICP-MS, all of which showed good agreement with previously reported values.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Cheryl M. Zurbrick , Céline Gallon , A. Russell Flegal
A new technique for stable lead (Pb) isotope extraction from seawater is established using Toyopearl AF-Chelate 650M® resin (Tosoh Bioscience LLC). This new method is advantageous because it is semi-automated and relatively fast; in addition it introduces a relatively low blank by minimizing the volume of chemicals used in the extraction. Subsequent analyses by HR ICP-MS have a good relative external precision (2σ) of 3.5‰ for 206Pb/207Pb, while analyses by MC-ICP-MS have a better relative external precision of 0.6‰. However, Pb sample concentrations limit MC-ICP-MS analyses to 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb. The method was validated by processing the common Pb isotope reference material NIST SRM-981 and several GEOTRACES intercalibration samples, followed by analyses by HR ICP-MS, all of which showed good agreement with previously reported values.
Graphical abstract
Proteomic platform for the identification of proteins in olive (Olea europaea) pulp
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Anna Laura Capriotti , Chiara Cavaliere , Patrizia Foglia , Susy Piovesana , Roberto Samperi , Serena Stampachiacchiere , Aldo Laganà
The nutritional and cancer-protective properties of the oil extracted mechanically from the ripe fruits of Olea europaea trees are attracting constantly more attention worldwide. The preparation of high-quality protein samples from plant tissues for proteomic analysis poses many challenging problems. In this study we employed a proteomic platform based on two different extraction methods, SDS and CHAPS based protocols, followed by two precipitation protocols, TCA/acetone and MeOH precipitation, in order to increase the final number of identified proteins. The use of advanced MS techniques in combination with the Swissprot and NCBI Viridiplantae databases and TAIR10 Arabidopsis database allowed us to identify 1265 proteins, of which 22 belong to O. europaea. The application of this proteomic platform for protein extraction and identification will be useful also for other proteomic studies on recalcitrant plant/fruit tissues.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Anna Laura Capriotti , Chiara Cavaliere , Patrizia Foglia , Susy Piovesana , Roberto Samperi , Serena Stampachiacchiere , Aldo Laganà
The nutritional and cancer-protective properties of the oil extracted mechanically from the ripe fruits of Olea europaea trees are attracting constantly more attention worldwide. The preparation of high-quality protein samples from plant tissues for proteomic analysis poses many challenging problems. In this study we employed a proteomic platform based on two different extraction methods, SDS and CHAPS based protocols, followed by two precipitation protocols, TCA/acetone and MeOH precipitation, in order to increase the final number of identified proteins. The use of advanced MS techniques in combination with the Swissprot and NCBI Viridiplantae databases and TAIR10 Arabidopsis database allowed us to identify 1265 proteins, of which 22 belong to O. europaea. The application of this proteomic platform for protein extraction and identification will be useful also for other proteomic studies on recalcitrant plant/fruit tissues.
Graphical abstract
Water-compatible poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) polymer sorbent for miniaturized syringe assisted extraction of sulfonamides in milk
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Mengmeng Gao , Hongyuan Yan , Ning Sun
A simple, convenient, and economic self-assembly miniaturized syringe assisted extraction (mini-SAE) using poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) polymer (PHEMA) as sorbent coupled with liquid chromatography was proposed for rapid screening of sulfadiazine (SD) and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) in milk. The water-compatible PHEMA was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer precipitation polymerization using trithiocarbonate as chain transfer agent and methanol–water system as reaction medium. The obtained PHEMA sorbent showed good affinity to sulfonamides and was successfully applied as a special sorbent for a mini-SAE device for simultaneous extraction and isolation of SD and SMM in milk samples. Under the optimum condition, good linearity was obtained in a range of 7.0–700ngg−1 (r ≥0.9995) and the average recoveries of SD and SMM at three spiked levels were ranged from 85.6 to 100.3% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) ≤6.5%. The presented PHEMA-mini-SAE protocol could be potentially applied as an alternative tool for analyzing the residues of SAs in complicated biological samples.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Mengmeng Gao , Hongyuan Yan , Ning Sun
A simple, convenient, and economic self-assembly miniaturized syringe assisted extraction (mini-SAE) using poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) polymer (PHEMA) as sorbent coupled with liquid chromatography was proposed for rapid screening of sulfadiazine (SD) and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) in milk. The water-compatible PHEMA was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer precipitation polymerization using trithiocarbonate as chain transfer agent and methanol–water system as reaction medium. The obtained PHEMA sorbent showed good affinity to sulfonamides and was successfully applied as a special sorbent for a mini-SAE device for simultaneous extraction and isolation of SD and SMM in milk samples. Under the optimum condition, good linearity was obtained in a range of 7.0–700ngg−1 (r ≥0.9995) and the average recoveries of SD and SMM at three spiked levels were ranged from 85.6 to 100.3% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) ≤6.5%. The presented PHEMA-mini-SAE protocol could be potentially applied as an alternative tool for analyzing the residues of SAs in complicated biological samples.
Graphical abstract
A microfluidic paper-based analytical device for rapid quantification of particulate chromium
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Poomrat Rattanarat , Wijitar Dungchai , David M. Cate , Weena Siangproh , John Volckens , Orawon Chailapakul , Charles S. Henry
Occupational exposure to Cr is concerning because of its myriad of health effects. Assessing chromium exposure is also cost and resource intensive because the analysis typically uses sophisticated instrumental techniques like inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Here, we report a novel, simple, inexpensive microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for measuring total Cr in airborne particulate matter. In the μPAD, tetravalent cerium (Ce(IV)) was used in a pretreatment zone to oxidize all soluble Cr to Cr(VI). After elution to the detection zone, Cr(VI) reacts with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (1,5-DPC) forming 1,5-diphenylcarbazone (DPCO) and Cr(III). The resulting Cr(III) forms a distinct purple colored complex with the DPCO. As proof-of-principle, particulate matter (PM) collected on a sample filter was analyzed with the μPAD to quantify the mass of total Cr. A log-linear working range (0.23–3.75μg; r 2 =0.998) between Cr and color intensity was obtained with a detection limit of 0.12μg. For validation, a certified reference containing multiple competing metals was analyzed. Quantitative agreement was obtained between known Cr levels in the sample and the Cr measured using the μPAD.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Poomrat Rattanarat , Wijitar Dungchai , David M. Cate , Weena Siangproh , John Volckens , Orawon Chailapakul , Charles S. Henry
Occupational exposure to Cr is concerning because of its myriad of health effects. Assessing chromium exposure is also cost and resource intensive because the analysis typically uses sophisticated instrumental techniques like inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Here, we report a novel, simple, inexpensive microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for measuring total Cr in airborne particulate matter. In the μPAD, tetravalent cerium (Ce(IV)) was used in a pretreatment zone to oxidize all soluble Cr to Cr(VI). After elution to the detection zone, Cr(VI) reacts with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (1,5-DPC) forming 1,5-diphenylcarbazone (DPCO) and Cr(III). The resulting Cr(III) forms a distinct purple colored complex with the DPCO. As proof-of-principle, particulate matter (PM) collected on a sample filter was analyzed with the μPAD to quantify the mass of total Cr. A log-linear working range (0.23–3.75μg; r 2 =0.998) between Cr and color intensity was obtained with a detection limit of 0.12μg. For validation, a certified reference containing multiple competing metals was analyzed. Quantitative agreement was obtained between known Cr levels in the sample and the Cr measured using the μPAD.
Graphical abstract
Focused-ion-beam-fabricated Au nanorods coupled with Ag nanoparticles used as surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active substrate for analyzing trace melamine constituents in solution
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Kundan Sivashanmugan , Jiunn-Der Liao , Bernard Haochih Liu , Chih-Kai Yao
A well-ordered Au-nanorod array with a controlled tip ring diameter (Au_NRsd) was fabricated using the focused ion beam method. Au_NRsd was then coupled with Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to bridge the gaps among Au nanorods. The effect of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on Au_NRsd and Ag NPs/Au_NRsd was particularly verified using crystal violet (CV) as the molecular probe. Raman intensity obtained from a characteristic peak of CV on Au_NRsd was estimated by an enhancement factor of ≈107 in magnitude, which increased ≈1012 in magnitude for that on Ag NPs/Au_NRsd. A highly SERS-active Ag NPs/Au_NRsd was furthermore applied for the detection of melamine (MEL) at very low concentrations. Raman-active peaks of MEL (10−3 to 10−12 M) in water or milk solution upon Au_NRsd or Ag NPs/Au_NRsd were well distinguished. The peaks at 680 and 702cm−1 for MEL molecules were found suitable to be used as the index for sensing low-concentration MEL in a varied solution, while that at 1051cm−1 was practical to interpret MEL molecules in water or milk solution bonded with Au (i.e., Au_NRsd) or Ag (i.e., Ag NPs/Au_NRsd) surface. At the interface of Ag NPs/Au_NRsd and MEL molecules in milk solution, a laser-induced electromagnetic field or hotspot effect was produced and competent to sense low-concentration MEL molecules interacting with Ag and Au surfaces. Accordingly, Ag NPs/Au_NRsd is very promising to be used as a fast and sensitive tool for screening MEL in complex matrices such as adulteration in e.g., food and pharmaceutical products.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Kundan Sivashanmugan , Jiunn-Der Liao , Bernard Haochih Liu , Chih-Kai Yao
A well-ordered Au-nanorod array with a controlled tip ring diameter (Au_NRsd) was fabricated using the focused ion beam method. Au_NRsd was then coupled with Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to bridge the gaps among Au nanorods. The effect of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on Au_NRsd and Ag NPs/Au_NRsd was particularly verified using crystal violet (CV) as the molecular probe. Raman intensity obtained from a characteristic peak of CV on Au_NRsd was estimated by an enhancement factor of ≈107 in magnitude, which increased ≈1012 in magnitude for that on Ag NPs/Au_NRsd. A highly SERS-active Ag NPs/Au_NRsd was furthermore applied for the detection of melamine (MEL) at very low concentrations. Raman-active peaks of MEL (10−3 to 10−12 M) in water or milk solution upon Au_NRsd or Ag NPs/Au_NRsd were well distinguished. The peaks at 680 and 702cm−1 for MEL molecules were found suitable to be used as the index for sensing low-concentration MEL in a varied solution, while that at 1051cm−1 was practical to interpret MEL molecules in water or milk solution bonded with Au (i.e., Au_NRsd) or Ag (i.e., Ag NPs/Au_NRsd) surface. At the interface of Ag NPs/Au_NRsd and MEL molecules in milk solution, a laser-induced electromagnetic field or hotspot effect was produced and competent to sense low-concentration MEL molecules interacting with Ag and Au surfaces. Accordingly, Ag NPs/Au_NRsd is very promising to be used as a fast and sensitive tool for screening MEL in complex matrices such as adulteration in e.g., food and pharmaceutical products.
Graphical abstract
Sulfate-reducing bacteria detection based on the photocatalytic property of microbial synthesized ZnS nanoparticles
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Peng Qi , Dun Zhang , Yi Wan
This work presented a novel method for specific detection of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) based on the photocatalytic property of ZnS nanoparticles. ZnS semiconductor nanoparticles were synthesized by taking advantage of the characteristic bacterial metabolite, sulfide, and then ZnS nanomaterials were used as photocatalyst for methylene blue (MB) photodegradation. As the amount of ZnS photocatalyst synthesized from microbe metabolized sulfide was affected by initial bacterial concentration before cultivation, the photodegradation ratio of MB was highly related with initial SRB concentration. Under the optimized conditions, a linear relationship between the MB photodegradation ratio and the logarithm of SRB concentration was observed in the range of 1.0×103–1.0×108 cfumL−1. Besides, this proposed method showed excellent specificity for SRB detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of using the photocatalytic property of microbial synthesized ZnS for bacterial detection.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Peng Qi , Dun Zhang , Yi Wan
This work presented a novel method for specific detection of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) based on the photocatalytic property of ZnS nanoparticles. ZnS semiconductor nanoparticles were synthesized by taking advantage of the characteristic bacterial metabolite, sulfide, and then ZnS nanomaterials were used as photocatalyst for methylene blue (MB) photodegradation. As the amount of ZnS photocatalyst synthesized from microbe metabolized sulfide was affected by initial bacterial concentration before cultivation, the photodegradation ratio of MB was highly related with initial SRB concentration. Under the optimized conditions, a linear relationship between the MB photodegradation ratio and the logarithm of SRB concentration was observed in the range of 1.0×103–1.0×108 cfumL−1. Besides, this proposed method showed excellent specificity for SRB detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of using the photocatalytic property of microbial synthesized ZnS for bacterial detection.
Graphical abstract
Hypochlorous acid turn-on boron dipyrromethene probe based on oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide
10 October 2013,
09:39:46
Publication date: 24 October
2013
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Shi-Rong Liu , Mani Vedamalai , Shu-Pao Wu
A boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based fluorometric probe, HCS, has been successfully developed for the highly sensitive and selective detection of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The probe is based on the specific HOCl-promoted oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide. The reaction is accompanied by a 160-fold increase in the fluorescent quantum yield (from 0.003 to 0.480). The fluorescent turn-on mechanism is accomplished by suppression of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the methyl phenyl sulfide group to BODIPY. The fluorescence intensity of the reaction between HOCl and HCS shows a good linearity in the HOCl concentration range 1–10μM. The detection limit is 23.7nM (S/N=3). In addition, confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging using RAW264.7 macrophages demonstrates that the HCS probe could be an efficient fluorescent detector for HOCl in living cells.
Source:Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 800
Author(s): Shi-Rong Liu , Mani Vedamalai , Shu-Pao Wu
A boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based fluorometric probe, HCS, has been successfully developed for the highly sensitive and selective detection of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The probe is based on the specific HOCl-promoted oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide. The reaction is accompanied by a 160-fold increase in the fluorescent quantum yield (from 0.003 to 0.480). The fluorescent turn-on mechanism is accomplished by suppression of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the methyl phenyl sulfide group to BODIPY. The fluorescence intensity of the reaction between HOCl and HCS shows a good linearity in the HOCl concentration range 1–10μM. The detection limit is 23.7nM (S/N=3). In addition, confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging using RAW264.7 macrophages demonstrates that the HCS probe could be an efficient fluorescent detector for HOCl in living cells.
Graphical abstract
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